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Psychology- Approaches P2 > Comparison of approaches > Flashcards

Comparison of approaches Flashcards

1
Q

how are behaviorists research seen as highly scientific?

A
  • focus on observable stimulus and responses
  • Pavlov’s and skinner’s experiments
  • use large samples in controlled conditions
  • allows for precise replications
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2
Q

why is social learning theory not fully scientific?

A
  • use experimental methods and large samples
  • look at modelling, vicarious reinforcement and mediational processes
  • but internal mental processes cant be observed= inferences have to be made
  • inferences could be mistaken which reduces scientific credibility
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3
Q

why is cognitive psychology not fully scientific?

A
  • use controlled experiments to research the working memory model
  • models show internal mental processes= cant be fully observed
  • inferences made arent fully scientific
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4
Q

how is biological psychology highly scientific?

A
  • directly observe physical processes
  • use objective measuring devices =fMRI scanners, DNA sequences and blood tests
  • placebo controlled trials are used to test drugs
  • objective measurement= highly scientific
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5
Q

why can the psychodynamic theory not be scientifically studied?

A
  • freud based theories on case studies
  • not scientific due to bias in the researches interpretation
  • concepts like superego arent operationally defined
  • so cant be scientifically studied
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6
Q

why do humanists reject the scientific method completely?

A
  • human behaviour is too complex to be reduced to simple variables
  • reject cause- and - effect principle that scientific research depends on
  • also lacks empirical evidence to support its claims
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7
Q

how are behaviourists hard environmental determinists?

A
  • behaviour entire result of creatures interactions with the environment
  • behaviour individuals found rewarding in the past will more likely be repeated
  • free will has no role in behvaiourist theories
  • they are hard determinists
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7
Q

how is SLT environmentally deterministic?

A
  • environmentally deterministic
  • reciprocal determinism
  • behaviour caused by the environment and our behaviour determines the environment
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8
Q

how are cognitive psychologists soft determinists?

A
  • causal factors that influence behaviour
  • people learn schema through experiences
  • automatic templates for our behaviour
  • suggest that with conscious effort = free will
  • maladaptive automatic internal mental processes can be modified
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8
Q

how are biological psychologists biologically deterministic?

A
  • behaviour is completely caused by our physical nature
  • hormones, genes, brains, neurotransmitter,
  • mental disorders explained through imbalance of neurotransmitters due to inheritance of dysfunctional genes
  • hard determinists
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9
Q

how are psychodynamic psychologists psychic determinists?

A
  • idea that unconscious thoughts, drives and repressed memories shape our conscious behaviours
  • unconscious forces are formed in childhood and influence adult behaviour
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10
Q

why do humanists believe in free will?

A
  • humans have agency
  • make our own decisions free from restraints
  • we have moral responsibility for our choices
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11
Q

behaviourists on the nature nurture debate:

A
  • most important influences on behaviour are environmental= nurture
  • rewards cause behaviours to be repeated
  • but we still have innate reflex actions= nature
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12
Q

SLT on the nature nurture debate:

A
  • explain behaviour through nurture
  • direct S-R mechanisms of behaviourists and social experiences= nurture
  • observing models and vicarious reinforcement
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13
Q

cognitive psychologists on the nature nurture debate:

A
  • argue both aspects are important
  • internal mental processes run on the physical, biological hardware of the brain
  • can be argued as being closer to nurture
  • explanations of mental processes like schemas are formed through experiences
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13
Q

biological psychologists on the nature nurture debate:

A
  • most influences on behaviour are hereditary= nature
  • behaviour due to inheritance of DNA
  • this codes biological processes
  • such neurotransmitter transport in the brain imbalances leads to behaviour such as increased aggression
14
Q

psychodynamics on nature and nurture:

A
  • include both nature and nurture
  • psychosexual= biological processes that all children will experience
  • the experiences children have while passing through these stages shape their adult personalities
15
Q

Humanistic psychologists on nature and nurture:

A
  • holistics psychologists
  • argue any behvaiour has many interacting factors
  • influence of genes= nature
  • environmental influences= nurture
16
Q

behaviourism on reductionism or holism:

A
  • behaviourists are reductionists
  • they explain even complex behaviour as stimulus response links
17
Q

SLT on reductionism or holism:

A
  • less reductionist than behaviourists
  • still believe in influence of S-R bonds
  • include internal mental processes as well= less reductionist
  • e.g. mediational processes
18
Q

cognitive psychologists on reductionism or holism:

A
  • the computer analogy is argued to be mechanically reductionist
  • overly simplistic, ignores important and complex role of emotions and irrationality
  • computer memory is flawless but human memory is reconstructive
19
Q

biological psychologists on reductionism or holism:

A
  • aggression, attachment and mental health conditions due to chemical processes within the brain
  • highly reductionist
  • oversimplifies complex and highly personal emotional experiences
  • ignores cognitive and cultural factors
20
Q

psychodynamics on reductionism or holism:

A
  • not reductionist
  • explanation includes a range of factors
  • biological changes that happen in childhood= psychosexual changes
  • shape unconscious mind and how they interact with the conscious mind
21
Q

humanistic approach on reductionism or holism:

A
  • argue against any reductionist explanations of behaviour
  • only valid explanation is holistic
  • individual experiences are to be explained with the widest range of factors included
  • biological factors, direct experience to education, social learning and culture
22
Q

how is behaviourism used as psychological treatments?

A
  • used to treat phobias
  • flooding and systematic desensitisation
  • use as exposure to phobic object to counter condition phobias
  • replacing fear association with calm
23
Q

how is SLT used as a psychological treatment?

A
  • uses modelling in safe environment to alter maladaptive behaviour
  • meaningful role models show appropriate behaviour
24
Q

how has cognitive theory been used as a psychological treatment?

A
  • used to develop cognitive behavioural therapy
  • cognitively restructures irrational thoughts
  • like negative schemas about self worth
    -reality testing irrational thoughts by acting as a scientist
  • while the therapist disputes irrational thoughts
25
Q

how has biology been used as a psychological treatment?

A
  • led to treatments that influence biological processes
  • brain surgery and drug therapy
  • drug therapies work by altering the activity of neurotransmitters
  • SSRI’s slow the reuptake of serotonin into the synaptic terminal
26
Q

how has the psychodynamic approach create psychological treatments?

A
  • form psychotherapy
  • uses introspection to focus on past experiences
  • then explore unconscious thoughts and feelings
  • find how they impact behaviour and relationships
27
Q

how has the humanistic approach been used as psychological therapies?

A
  • develop client-centred therapy
  • doesnt focus on mental health but how the client can grow
  • therapists role isnt to direct them but to assist them and help then understand their experiences and produce solutions
  • therapists provide unconditional positive regard

Psychology- Approaches P2 (8 decks)

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