1
Q
why do humanistic approach reject the scientific method?
A
- human behaviour is too complex
- unsuitable for study through traditional scientific methods
- which seek to identify and test simple cause-and-effect methods objectively
2
Q
what do humanists believe about free will?
A
- external causes dont set our behaviours
- free will= act as personal agency
- individuals can shape their own lives through conscious decision making
3
Q
how is the humanistic approach a holistic view?
A
- humanists consider all factors in their interactions
- genetics
- learned responses
- observed rewards
- cognitive priming
- unconscious drives
4
Q
Evaluations: limitations, non-scientific
A
- non-scientific due to reliance on non-experimental qualitative methods
- lack of empirical evidence
- self-actualisation criticised for vague definitions and lack of operalisation
- hard to test validity of theories
5
Q
Evaluation: strength, holistic explanation may be more valid
A
- holistic explanation= more valid bc captures complexity of human experience
- simple explanations criticised for overlooking contributing factors
- e.g. both environmental and biological elements interact to create the diathesis- stress model
6
Q
why do humanists prefer case studies?
A
- involve detailed research into individuals or events
- able to capture richness and depth into human experience
- doesn’t reduce to variables that can be easily manipulated or measured
7
Q
why do humanists focus on mental health?
A
- concentrate on how the mind malfunctions and treating mental illness
- explore personal growth + understanding and self actualisation
- want humans to achieve their highest potential and perform their best
8
Q
what is self- actualisation?
A
- highest level of psychological development
- realising your full potential
- deeply understands themselves, their values and purpose in life
9
Q
what is Maslows hierarchy of needs?
A
- sequence of human needs in the form of a pyramid
- foundational needs must be set before an individual can achieve self actualisation
- starts w most basic and progress to higher levels
10
Q
what are maslows hierarchy of needs in a pyramid? ( top to bottom)
A
- self actualisation
- self esteem
- love and belonging
- safety + security
- physiological needs
11
Q
what are physiological needs?
A
- basic necessities for human survival
- food
- water
- warmth
- rest
12
Q
what are safety needs?
A
- personal and financial security
- health and wellbeing
13
Q
what are love and belonging needs?
A
- social needs that include the desire for intimate relationships
- friends
- social connections
14
Q
what are self- esteem needs?
A
- both self esteem and esteem from others
- recognition and feelings of accomplishment
15
Q
what is self actualisation when you have reached the top of the pyramid?
A
- top of hierarchy
- represents seeking personal growth and fulfillment of personal potential
16
Q
what did Carl Rogers say about congruence?
A
- it is essential for reaching self actualisation
- refers to the alignment of the perceived self and the ideal self
17
Q
what is the perceived self?
A
- self- image
18
Q
what is the ideal self?
A
- the person one aspires to be
19
Q
what are the two ways at becoming congruent?
A
- adopt a more realistic ideal self
- enhance your perceived self
20
Q
how do you adopt a more realistic ideal self?
A
- ideal self usually shaped by conditions of worth
- lead to an ideal self that isnt reflective of someones genuine desires or values
- by modifying these unrealistic standards individuals can set more realistic goals
- these are more likely to be in harmony with their true selves
21
Q
what are conditions of worth?
A
- expectations from others someone has to meet to earn love and approval
- lead to an ideal self that isnt reflective of someones genuine desires or values
22
Q
what is unconditional positive regard?
A
- acceptance and love without conditions or expectations
23
Q
How do you enhance your perceived self?
A
- helped by people giving them unconditional positive regard
- when they have this support theyre more likely to develop a positive self image
- able to acknowledge their strengths and weaknesses without undue self criticism
24
Q
what is client/person centred therapy?
A
- emphasises importance of the present and future over the past
- aims to help clients achieve congruence
25
what is the role of the therapist in client centred therapy?
- dont have role of expert to direct the client
- believe clients are best experts on their own lives and experiences
- offer support and help clients journey to self discovery and resolutions of their issues
26
why do therapists provide unconditional positive regard?
- provides acceptance from someone who isnt friends or family
27
Evaluations: strength, approach suggests free will which has face validity
- people have subjective experience of autonomy and self direction
- like to think actions are due to free choices not pre determined biological or environmental factors
28
Evaluations: limitations, free will is an illusion
- free will fits better with peoples perceived ideas about behaviour
- this is not 100% true as there is empirical evidence to show that biological and environmental factors do determine behaviour
29
Evaluations: strength, has practical applications
- Maslows hierarchy of needs is used in client centered therapy
- helped in sports performance, improved employee satisfaction and motivation in the business world
- improved health outcomes bc of holistic care due to better understanding of humans needs
30
Evaluations: limitations, culturally baised
- developed in 1960's USA
- culturally biased towards western ideologies
- emphasises self actualisation through personal success
- contrasts collectivist values where family is prioritised even at the expense of personal needs
- suggests superiority of western individualistic norms
- suggests collectivist societies are less able to reach self actualisation
