Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Industrial Hygiene > Comparison to Standards, Decision Making > Flashcards

Comparison to Standards, Decision Making Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Out of all of the 600,000 chemicals used in the world, how many are formally regulated?

A

2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does OEL stand for?

A

Occupational Exposure Limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the OSHA exposure limit?

A

PEL - permissible exposure limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is NIOSH’s exposure limit?

A

REL - recommended exposure limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ACGIH exposure limit?

A

Threshold limit value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the TLV

A
  • many countries in Europe use
  • best knowledge that we have to date
  • may be the strictest
  • published annually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is OSHA considered to be a performance standard?

A

-does not indicate how to maintain workplace below PEL, just regulates the limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of standards described how to reach a certain endpoint?

A

Prescribed or design standards- not as common, usually up to you to determine how you will reach a certain limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the healthy workforce theory?

A

More people that work are healthy, others who got sick left for one reason or another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give an example of a prescribed or design standard

A

ventilation standards- tell you how ventilation system must be designed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do OSHA’s comprehensive standards cover?

A
  • PEL
  • Medical Surveillance
  • Prescribed control methods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is OSHA’s general duty clause?

A

Employer is responsible for providing a workplace that is free of known hazards that can cause or are likely to cause serious injury or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the equation for standard error?

A

SE = stddev / sqaure root (N)

N= sample size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does T equal if N > 19?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the equations for the upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit?

A

UCL = mean + t(2-sided, alpha 0.05) (SE)

LCL = mean - T(2 sided, alpha = 0.05) (SE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give an example of a reason to take multiple measurements and use stats for measurements

A

One measurement may have been taken during abnormal air circulation (IE window open) which will cause it to be an outlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Find SE, LCL, and UCL for:
n = 36
u = 20 ppm
std dev = 2.4

A

SE = 0.4
UCL = 20.8
LCL - 19.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What documents provide the basis for occupational health and safety standards? Who puts them out?

A

NIOSH - criteria documents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe what the criteria documents usually contain

A

Review of scientific and technical knowledge on:

1) prevalence of hazards
2) existing health and safety risks
3) adequacy of control measures

Also show: how to measure, toxicology information, and RELS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False: Threshold limit values are the same as the threshold on a dose/response graph

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who created the TLV?

A

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists- ACGIH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How often are the TLVs updated?

Study These Flashcards
A

annually with notification of change

23
Q

What do the TLVs indicate?

Study These Flashcards
A

airborne concentrations of chemicals that cause no adverse effects to almost all workers

24
Q

Is the TLV a regulatory standard?

Study These Flashcards
A

no- professional standard

25
What is the time weighted average?
TWA- concentration of a chemical averaged over an 8-hour work day that workers can be exposed day after day over the course of a lifetime without adverse effect
26
What is the equation for TWA?
(T1C1+T2C2+TnCn) / 8
27
What is STEL?
Short term Exposure Limit- maximum concentration that an employee can be exposed to for 15 minutes Many substances list TWA and STEL
28
What is the ceiling limit?
Concentration that should never be exceeded
29
What are some notations that TLVs contain?
Skin and cancer notations
30
What is the industrial hygiene process?
See slide Hazard Assessment (Anticipate and Recognize)--> Exposure Risk assessment (evaluate) --> exposure management (Control)
31
Describe the hierarchy of OELs
Bottom to top (less data to more toxicological and epidemiological data) 1) Hazard Banding 2) Prescriptive OELs 3) Working OELs 4) Health based OELs (TLVs) 5) Quantitative based OELS (reguations- PEL and some NIOSH RELS)
32
Describe the quantitative based OELS
- best - shown to decrease disease - can be used for regulation - some NIOSH RELs fit here, as well as OSHA PELs
33
Describe Health based OELS
- toxicology and epi data available - protect most workers - TLVs
34
Describe working or provisional OELs
- company or "in-house" limits
35
Describe perscriptive or process based OEL limits
aimed to reach no effect level
36
What is the least studied OEL used for chemicals?
hazard/ control banding
37
Describe hazard banding.
- Do not yet have a lot of data, but can compare to other chemicals. - developed by pharma - decision matrix with red, yellow, green based on hazards
38
Describe control banding
chart that looks at risk and exposure levels and shows corresponding controls. Use when you don't have data, but want to do your best to control
39
What tools can you use to compare injury and illness rates to other similar organizations in your industry?
- Bureau of labor statistics (BLS) | - North American Industrial Classification COde
40
How do you calculate the incidence of injury / illness at your facility?
N/ EH * 200,000 N= # of injuries or illness EH - number of hours worked by ALL employees in calendar year 200,000 - base for number of hours worked by 100 employees in a calendar year
41
What is worker compensation?
% of wages, medical, and death benefits paid by company for injury / death/ illness that prevents lawsuits (can only sue in case of negligence)
42
What are considerations with air sampling?
- what employees to sample - how long sampling interval should be for measurement - how many samples should be taken in a workday - periods of exposure that should be sampled throughout the workday - number of workdays per year for sampling and when? - time to the result
43
What are considerations with sampling regarding the time to result?
- Do you need the measurement right away? Then do a direct reading in real time. Better for acute - chronic/ do not need lab results right away? sampling media + 2 week lab time, more precise results
44
What employee or employees should be sampled?
- maximum risk group | - use exposure risk/ heath risk priority matrix
45
Who should you sample if you cannot determine the maximum risk group?
random sampling of a group of workers
46
What is the goal of selecting a random group to sample?
need a subgroup large enough that there is a high probability that the random sample will contain 1 worker with high exposure
47
What tool can be used to determine the sample size?
NIOSH Occupational Exposure Sampling Strategies Manual
48
How does the NIOSH Occupational Exposure Sampling Strategies Manual Work?
- 90% confidence interval, tells how many samples (or workers to test) from original group size (or number of employees). - 90% confident that you will have at least 1 person with the highest 10% exposure - also a 10% chance that you may miss someone with highest 10% of exposure
49
how many workdays during the year should be sampled and when?
Depends on OSHA regulations - substance specific. Some substances have specific intervals dependent on exposure level to the PEL
50
What is an example of a substance that has very specific details on the number of workdays during the year for samples and when?
Lead
51
Describe a normal distribution
function that shows the probability that a number will fall between two values, which could be - to + infiniti bell curve mean=median=mode standard deviation
52
What are the differences between normal distribution and log normal distribution?
- lognormal can only be above 0, normal can have any value, even - - lognormal- geometric mean, geometric deviation. Normal - arithmetic mean, arithmetic std deviation - IH data best defined by log normal
53
What is log-normal distribution?
logarithms (base e or base 10) of data are normally distributed Note: takes data with a skew and makes it normal

Industrial Hygiene (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions