Need to Learn Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
What are the types of hearing loss?
A
Conductive (blockage, damage to eardrum, not due to noise)
Sensorineural (damage to inner ear or nerve, due to chronic noise exposure)
Temporaru vs. Permaent threshold shift
Tinnitus
Trauma
2
Q
Difference between sound power and sound pressure level
A
sound power- intensity in watts / m2 emitted by source, hard to measure
sound pressure level- detectable differences in loudness measured in dB
3
Q
5 basic components of hearing conservation program
A
1) Exposure monitoring
2) Audiometric testing
3) Hearing protection
4) Employee training
5) Record keeping
4
Q
OSHA’s program to prevent noise- induced hearing loss
A
hearing conservation program
5
Q
Specific components of HCP
A
- person in charge
- baseline and ongoing exposure measurements
- control of excessive exposure
- audiometric testing
- training
- SOP
- Program assessment
- Records
- Buy quiet
- Develop the best program not just the required one
6
Q
scale which electronically adjusts the amplification of frequencies giving some more amplification than others
A
weighting
7
Q
What are the most common sources of noise?
A
mechanical (vibrating or moving surfaces)
8
Q
Examples of aeorodynamic sources of noise
A
-unsteady flow of air, specific gas, or steam
9
Q
word for echo
A
reverberation
10
Q
name two important methods (other than standard controls) that can help with noise
A
preventative maintenance
buy quiet specs
11
Q
what measures the effectiveness of the hearing protection devices?
A
NRR noise reduction rating
12
Q
What is the equation for NRR?
A
ENV- (NRR-7 /2)
13
Q
What are the limitations of NRR?
A
measured under optimal conditions with trained employees
14
Q
What is the difference in NRR above 105?
A
take higher NRR + 5dB
15
Q
what frequencies are tested in audiometery?
A
500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000
16
Q
what must audiometry adjust for?
A
Age
17
Q
During audiometric testing, how can you identify a threshold shift?
A
if average losses at each freq is >= 10 dB- standard threshold shift
18
Q
What does the SPL decrease by if you increase double the distance?
A
6 dB
19
Q
What is the threshold gate?
A
lower limit of SPL will be included
20
Q
What is the amount used to determine % allowable exposure for noise, which standard is typically used?
A
criterion level
OSHA- 90 dBA
21
Q
What is the exchange rate or doubling rate
A
sound pressure increase or decrease that determines a halving or doubling of exposure time
22
Q
Describe the regulations and standards for thermal stress
A
- Department of labor
- No OSHA regulation- falls under general duty clause
- professional standards & recommended limits: ACGIH TLVs for Physical Agents
*Follow ACGIH TLVs
23
Q
What conditions increase evaporation?
A
dry conditions
24
Q
Factors that affect thermal balance
A
- climatic conditions
- work demands
- clothing
25
What is vulnerable to changes in body temp?
enzymes
26
When people's body's change so they can handle different temperatures. Example.
acclimatization
| cardiovascular changes
27
What interferes with acclimitization
- alcohol use
- lack of sleep
- illness
28
What are the different names for the first stage of disease related to heat?
heat strain
heat fatigue
heat exhaustion
29
What is the clinical term for low blood pressure?
circulatory hypstasis
30
What causes heat syncope?
vasodilation and fluid loss
31
What are some immediate solutions for hyperthermia?
ice, wet cloth, increase air motion, call 911
32
What is the solution for hypothermia?
warm extremeties but do not rub skim, replace wet clothing with warm dry clothes, give warm drinks
33
What factors should you account for when measuring temperature?
- air temperature
- temperature of surroundings
- air velocity
- humidity
34
Describe the measuring instruments for temperature
Dry bulb temperature- thermometer
Wet bulb temperature- thermometer
globe temperature- thermometer
air velocity- velometer, anemometer
humidity- hygrometer, psychrometer
35
What does each component of the WBGT measure?
globe temp- radiating heat
dry bulb- air temp
wet bulb- get sponge wet and measures how fast evaporation occurs
36
Equation for heat stress
WBGTinside = 0.7Tnwb+0.3Tg
WBGToutside = 0.7Tnwb+0.2Tg+ 0.1 Tdb
37
What are other metrics used for heat stress?
- relative humidity
- equivalent chill
- heat-humidity index
- effective temperature
- apparent temperature
38
What are the medical measurements for temperature?
-heart rate monitors
-body temperature
sentinel health evnts
39
What are engineering controls for thermal stress?
- HVAC (to reduce air temp, humidity, and increase air movement)
- humidifier/ dehumidifier
- shielding from radiant heat
- change clothing
40
When sodium concentrations in the blood are too low
Hyponoatremia
41
Administrative controls for thermal stress
- fluid management
- acclimation
- job rotation
- work/ rest cycles
- medical surveillance
- buddy systems
42
Why do inexperienced workers need more time to acclimate?
use more energy to do the job and heat up faster
43
Describe the written hazard communication program
- list of hazardous chemicals
- labeling
- SDS
- Training
44
What is the scope?
- raw materials
- intermediates
- products
45
Name 3 exemptions to Hazzcom
- pesticides
- F&B
- Seeds
- Drugs
- Cosmetics
- Nuisance Particulates
- Ionizing and nonionizing radiation
- biohazards
46
Define hazard classification
provides specific criteria for classification of health and physical hazards as well as mixtures
47
What must labels include?
1) Product identifier
2) signal word
3) pictogram
4) hazard statement
5) precautionary statement (optional)
6) Chemical manufacturer name, address, and phone number
48
how many sections are in the SDS?
16
49
Who is responsible for training on new label elements and SDS?
employers must train workers
50
What are challenges with HazComm?
- most cited OSHA violation
| - mobile workforce (working at multiple sites)
51
Draw the LD50 graph
Y- % test anumal population dies
X- dose (mg/ kg body weight)
52
Health Pictogram
- carcinogen
- mutagenicity
- reproductive toxicity
- target organ toxicity
- aspiration toxicity
53
Flame Pictogram
- flammable
- pyrophoric
- self-heating
- self reactive
- emits flammable gas
- organic peroxides
54
!
- skin and eye irritant
- skin sensitizer
- respiratory tract irritant
- hazardous to ozone layer
- acute toxicity
- narcotic effects
55
gas cylinder
gases under pressure
56
corrosion
- skin corrosion/ burns
- eye damage
- corrosive to metals
57
Exploding bombs
- explosive
- self reactive
- organic peroxide
58
difference btween flame and lame over circle?
flame - mainly reactive agents and flammable agents
flame over circle- oxidizers
59
Environment
non-mandatory- indicates aquatic toxicity
60
Skull and crossbones
acute toxicity (potentially fatal)
61
What is REACH and where is it used?
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances
62
The study of human measurements
anthropometry
63
Characteristics of the human body in medical terms
biomechanics
64
Why are biomechanics used?
- measure body strength
- design for human strength
- avoid exertion of hand/ foot/ body
- determine ability of body to handle loads
65
scientific study / design of equipment and work tasks and the relation/ fit to the operator
ergonomics
66
How is anthropometry used?
- designing workplace, workstation, vehicles, tools
- based on military
- can design for average, extremes, adjustability
67
rotation upward (palm up)
supination
68
What is the energy cost of work?
how physically strenuous is the job?- note different activities burn calories at different rates
69
What does fatigue depend on?
1) Metabolic rate of work- buildup of potassium and lactic acid in the muscles
2) Work intensity
3) dynamic and static properties
70
What is fatigue affected by?
- illness
- pain
- lack of sleep or rest
- poor eating habits
- worry
- responsibility
- conflict
71
What are the symptoms of job related fatigue?
- irritability
- depression
- lack of drive
- headache
- giddiness
- palpitations
- digestive problems
- insomnia
72
human strength
amount of force or torque (movement) applied to external measuring instrument, data used to design tools
73
___ ___ ___ develop torque around body ___ bridged by the ____
muscular force vectors, joints, muscle
74
Define cumulative trauma disorder
adverse health effects that arise from repeated exposure to micro-trauma in an occupational setting
75
Describe the tissues at risk for cumulative trauma disorders
Muscle- strain, stretch, tear, atrophy
tendon- tear, scarring, tendonititis
Bursa- bursitis
ligament- stretch, tear, sprain
nerve- compression, neuritis
blood vessels- spasm, compression --> ischemia
76
What are host risk factors for CTDs?
- artiritis
- hormonal factors
- diabetes
- overweight
- psychological issues
77
Overview of types of CTD
1) Tendonitis- rotator cuff tendonitis, epicondylitis, De Quervain's Syndrom
2) Nerve Compression syndromes- carpal tunnel syndrome
3) Low Back Disorders- lumbar disc syndrome
4) Vibration white finger
78
What are other names for rotator cuff syndrom?
swimmers shoulder
| impingement syndrome
79
what tendon is inflammed in impingement syndrome?
supraspinatus tendon
80
What are the two types of rotator cuff tendonitis?
- intrinsic impingement (overuse, tension overload, trauma --> degeneration)
- mechanical compression
81
What are the symptoms of tendonitis?
pain with motion in pinch zone
| weakens shoulder abduction
82
What is the difference between lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis?
lateral- inflammation of lateral epicondyle (tennis elbow). Tendon EXTENDS wrist and fingers. Pain with lifting, palm down, pain with gripping , extensor weakness
medial- small tears in muscle/ tendon unit inside elbow (golfers). Tendon flexes wrist and fingers. Pain with gripping or twisting, flexor weakness
83
Inflammation of the tendon sheaths. What does it result from?
tendonsynovitis
repetitive movements or overstretching
84
What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
compression of the nerves and arteries in the thoracic outlet (under clavicle)
85
What disease is caused by prolonged hyperabduction of the arm from performing tasks above the head?
brachial plexus neuritis
86
Inflammation of tendons and synovium around thumb
de Quervains syndrome
87
inflammation of tendon an synovium of ring finger. how does it occur? What does it prevent?
trigger finger, nodule forms in tendon from repeated trauma. Prevents full extension of finger
88
What is Lumbar Disc Syndrome? What makes it better and worse?
pain or numbness in back, buttock, or leg
Worse: moving out of prolonged postures, forward bending, morning
Better: with walking
89
What are signs and symptoms of CTDs?
- decreased range of motion
- deformity
- decreased grip strength or loss of muscle function
- pain in joints
- numbness, tingling, burning
- cramping, stiffness, swelling
- white extremeities
90
What are the primary causes of CTDs? other reasons?
- Force, repitition, posture
| - fatigue, vibration, cold
91
What can be used to evalulate CTDs?
- Describe tasks and risks
| - electromyography
92
What are some engineering controls for CTDs?
- automation
- mechanization (machine help)
- seats and other aids
- job enlargement
93
What are administrative controls for CTDs?
- freq short breaks
- job rotation- watch for response interference
- training (technique, awareness, fitness)
94
What are job risk factors for back injury?
- high load (weight)
- Freq of action
- Distance to load (reach)
- Position (sitting less leverage)
- Twisting
- Probability of slips/ falls
- poor posture (bent, constant)
95
Host risk factors for inury?
- physical dimensions and strength
- nutrition, weight, and behavior
- psychological factors
- age
- experience
- fatigue
96
Env risk factors for back injury
- slippery surfaces
- uneven surfaces
- obstacles
- poor lighting
- steps/ other challenges
97
Which is better for lifting- horizontal or vertical movement?
horizontal
98
What are considerations when evaluating lifing?
- unit weight and dimensions
- horizontal or vertical movement
- bending/ twisting
- sharp edges
- reaching
99
Describe how to interpret the lifting index (LI)
if LI equal to or less than 1 - no action is needed
If LI is greater than 1, the job needs to be redesigned to decrease LI
100
What is the recommended weight limit?
maximum weight that 90% of physically fit male and female workers accustomed to physical labor can lift or lower
101
What are engineering controls to reduce back injury?
- aids/ equipment (ie lifts)
- improve workflow layout
- job design (use NIOSH lift- ie height of work surface
- integration of controls with individual people
102
Administrative controls
- training (note- cannot overcome unsafe job)
- personnel selection (test capability, medical clearance, but need to be ADA and equal opp)
- Return to work issues
103
What on tools can be used to help position hand?
flanges
104
what to look for in tool design
- level wrist, no twist
- hand encircles handle
- avoid pressure points
- minimal roughness
105
Things to avoid in tool use
- repetitive and sustained exertion
- shoulder tension
- cooling of hand
- vibration
106
Components of the ergonomic program
- person in charge
- training
- written SOPs
- Doccumentation of actions/ records
- Medical surveillance
- Program Evaluation
- Design job to fit worker
107
What guidelines to follow?
OSHA has guidelines for specific industries
108
How to best plan machines for the workplace
- fit process and equipment to worker
- consider layout of site
- use mockups
- use adequate space for clearance and safety
- consider manipulations to positions that are needed
109
What to consider with displays and controls
- predictability
- ease of use
- minimize error
- visual/ auditory
110
What are radioactive elements?
unstable forms of elements that decay to stable elements and emit ionizing radiation in the process
111
How do nuclear reactors work?
bombard large atoms with neutrons to split them (fission) and generate heat
112
What do CAT and PET stand for?
computed axial tomography and positron emission tomography
113
Sources of ionizing radiation
- sealed sources
- radiation machines
- radioisotopes + machine
- unique radioisotopes
114
Workplaces with nonionizing radiation
- outdoor occupations
- power transmition
- welding
- radar
- lasers
- electrical equipment
115
Draw radioactive decay products
- -> alpha particles
- -> gamma rays
- -> proton, beta particles, neutrons
116
What is the composition of alpha particles?
2 neutrons and 2 protons
117
Examples of alpha emitters
uranium- 238, Pu-238, radon-222
118
Term for secondary xrays produced when beta moves through a material
bremsstrahlung radiation
119
Examples of low and high energy beta emitters
Low: H-3, C-14
High- P-31
120
What are the different energy levels of neturons and how does that impact how they travel?
High- travel further, penetrate more
low- less travel distance, less penetration
121
At what size does radiation begin to ionize?
300 nm
122
Describe gamma waves
- energy emission (photons) from nucleus as result of radioactive decay
- significant health risk
- low energy: I-125
High energy- I-131
123
Describe xrays
energy emission photons from the outside of the nucleus when electrons drop to lower orbitals
- significant health risk
- soft and hard energy levels
124
Examples of determinisitic effects
```
radiation dermatitis
cataracts
sterility
microcephaly of babies
mental retardation of babies
```
125
examples of stochastic effects
lung cancer
| genetic effects
126
chronic effects of ionizing radiation
- lung cancer
- leukemia
- decreased lifespan
127
Acute effects of ionizing radiation
- damage to central nervous system
- damage to intestinal villi
- damage to leukocytes and stem celss
- skin burns
128
what are stem cells?
repair cells
129
What is exposure?
energy transmitted to the target in the body
130
what is the concern with ionization chambers? examples?
reading low energy photon materials
- ionization chambers
geiger mueller counters
-proportional counters
131
What is the measuring instrument that ionizes molecules and produces and emission of light related to the energy outut of the radioisotope? What area sample method is used with it?
scintillation chambers
wipe sampling
132
This measuring instrument uses lithium flouride to react with radiation and excite electrons- giving off light
TLD- thermoluminescence detector
133
Electrostatic chargining fiber want that moves along a scale
pocket dosimeter
134
What type of instrument is used to measure radon?
alpha track detector
135
What does ALARA stand for?
as low as reasonably achieveable
136
thickness of a material required to stop half of the radiation
half value layer
137
How are electric and magnetic fields produced?
Electric field- electric charge differences (voltage)
magnetic field- electrons moving (current)
Electric charges produce electric fields and moving them creates magnetic fields
138
What is the unit of ionizing radiation?
Specific Absorption Rate- dose rate at which energy is transferred to tissues in watts/ kg
139
What is an important label for static magnetic sources?
magnetic resonance? danger for projectiles
140
What does radar stand for?
radio detection and ranging
141
What are the health effects of infrared?
- heating
- erythema
- skin pigmentation
- cataracts
142
What does laser stand for?
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
143
What are the hazard classes of lasers?
Class 1: harmless
| Class 4: Very hazardous
144
What are most health problems related to when using lasers? What lasers are most dangerous? Some health risks an other risks?
concentrated energy
pulsed lasers
damage to cornea, erythema, fire, electrocution, toxic gases
145
How can you measure nonionizing radiation?
- sub- magnetic and electric survey meters
mw/ rf- induced current meter/ contact current meter
optical- photometer/ radiometer/ dosimeters
146
Additional controls for subradio and fd
- grounding / cancelling
rf- metal mesh barrier or ppe
147
Give a general overview of emergency planning stages
- Before- plan, organize, predict, mitigate
During: response an actions
After: recovery. security, secondary disasters
148
What are the before steps?
- someone designated to be in charge and given authority to act
emergency plans
149
What must emergency plans include
- escape routes
- practice/ drills
- local community
insurance
150
What are considerations during?
- quick, effective responsible action
- resources
- will and imagination
- emotional aspects
151
What are after concerns?
- security
-secondary disasters
0 rebuilding
-death
- pysch/ physical effects
- liability
152
Jobs that IH professionals may fulfill
- safety officer/ coordinator
| - HAZWOPER
153
How do the IH functions fit into emergency planning?
- anticipate
- recognize
- evaluate
- control
154
What is the method of managing emergencies?
Incident command system
155
Name additional considerations for emergency response
- alarms
- evacuation
- shelter in place
- hazcomm
156
Name a situation when OSHA requires an emergency plan
when fire extinguishers are provided and if anyone evacuating during a fire
157
What are the OSHA and Process Safety requirements?
- EAP workers and communities
- process hazard analysis
- Process flow diagrams
158
What is the name of the EPA emergency response program?
Risk Management Plan
159
When does the RMP have to be updated?
when process changes
160
what is required in the RMP
emergency response plan
- 5 year accident report
- analysis of worst case and off sit releases
161
What are the units of dose for radiation?
Roentegen (R)- unit of radiation exposure
Radiation absorbed dose (RAD)- absorbed dose divided by time it takes to deliver that dose
REM- Roentegen Equivalent for man (1 RAD = 1REM
CPM - number of counts taken during 1 minute
Microseiverts per hour- uSv/ hr- international for dose equivalent
162
What was the lab device for radiation?
Radiation alert ranger
163
What are mR/ hr and uSv/ hr used for?
gamma and x ray
164
what units are CPM and CPS used for?
alpha and beta
165
Describe Uranyl Acetate
salt of uranyl- not harmful if external, very toxic internally, alpha and beta with some gamma
166
Describe potassium cloride
odorless salt, used widely, causes cardiac arrest, beta particles emitter
167
Describe urannium Ore
metal common in earth's crust- alpha particles emitter
168
Thorium oxide
silvery metal that tarnishes black, lanterns, alpha decy
169
what is biomechanics?
characteristics of the human body in medical terms, determines human ability to handle loads
170
What is anthropometry?
study of human measurements
171
What is the role of ligaments?
provide stability
172
What is the role of tendons?
allow for movement
173
Controls for CTDS
Automation
Mechanization
Aids
174
How to prevent sustained exertion
reduced by reducing weights of objects or tools, changing size or shapes, and balancing objects held in the hands. Fewer objects can be picked up at one time or objects can be picked up with two hands rather than one handed.
175
How to reduce mechanical stress concentrations
controlled by increasing the size of handles, eliminating sharp edges, and using compliant materials. Handles should be as large as will fit comfortably in the hand.
176
Describ fatigue
deterioration of mental and physical function, depends on metabolic rate of work (Buildup of lactic acid in muscles), work intensity, dynamic and static positions. Risk factor for back injuries
177
Describe poor life
Poor lifting (bulky, heavy items with sharp edges with vertical lift motion), also poor if lift with back not with knees. Poor lift technique leads to back injury. Handholds reduce risk of back injury
178
What are some sources of beta particles and how are they used?
Naturally and artificially occurring: used in many medical research (tracers) and industrial applications (QC test thickness of material)
179
What is radiation sickness?
radiation poisoning or acute radiation syndrome
180
When are the effects of radiation sickness present?
within 24 hours to high amounts of ionizing radiation
181
What causes radiation sickness?
cellular degradation due to damage to DNA and cellular structures
182
Treatment
supportive (blood transfusion and antibiotics) and aggressive (bone marrow transfusions)
183
What are you at increased risk for with frostbite?
Raynaud's syndrome
