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+ BIOL 372 > COMPLEX FUNCTIONS > Flashcards

COMPLEX FUNCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

What were Charles Darwin’s contributions to emotions, arousal, and motivated behaviour?

A

noted similarities in facial expressions between animals

  • idea that many expressions of emotions in humans (ie. baring teeth) are vestigial action patterns
  • set of basic emotions (including anger, fear, surprise, sadness) are evolutionarily ancient and conserved across species and cultures
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2
Q

What do facial expressions reveal?

A

specific emotional states

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3
Q

Mouse facial expressions reflect emotional state. Describe the experiment.

A
  • mice were head-fixed on a rotating ball and given different taste stimuli or subjected to tail shocks
  • their facial expressions were monitored by video, and then analyzed with machine learning
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4
Q

Is language unique to humans? Name a non-human animal that people claim uses “language.”

A
  • parrots – Alex the parrot = Avian Learning EXperiment
  • whales – discrete set of sounds/calls
  • primates
  • unicorns
  • prairie dogs
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5
Q

What are the two sides of the brain connected by?

A

corpus callosum (tract that runs between two hemispheres of the brain)

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6
Q

How do birds learn their songs?

A

by comparing their own song to a stored template of a tutor song, and then adjusting when mismatch is detected

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7
Q

Do adults continue to use a template song?

A

yes – adult birds continue to compare their song to the template, and make adjustments in response to mismatch

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8
Q

What does prior experience do for memory?

A

provides a framework for memory

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9
Q

What can shape memory capabilities?

A

internal state (ie. motivation)

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10
Q

Why is memory not very accurate most of the time?

A

because you are inferring things based on assumptions and previous constructions in the brain

RECALL VISION: when you see things, you are not perceiving them on a blank state – it is interpreted within frameworks in the brain that have developed to interpret visual information

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11
Q

What are the two types of human memory?

A
  • declarative memory
  • non-declarative memory
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12
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

memory available to consciousness (aware that you know)

  • daily episodes
  • words and their meanings
  • history
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13
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

memory generally not available to consciousness

  • motor skills
  • associations
  • priming cues
  • puzzle-solving skills
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14
Q

What are the three types of temporal memory?

A
  • intermediate memory
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
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15
Q

What is immediate memory?

A

fractions of a second to seconds

ie. existing in the world, remembering what someone just said

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16
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

seconds to minutes

ie. remembering two-factor authentication codes

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17
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

days to years

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18
Q

What is forgetting? Why is it important?

A

passive degradation of memories

important process for limiting amount of info that you can sort in your brain – problematic if you remember everything

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19
Q

Describe the memory encoding of the three types of temporal memory.

A

each memory type is encoded separately in different brain areas – BUT memory can transfer between types

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20
Q

What is working memory?

A

similar to immediate memory – committing for short time to complete tasks

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21
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

remember things that occurred a long time ago prior to surgery, but unable to form new long-term memories

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22
Q

Describe the Morris water maze experiment.

A

test for declarative (spatial) memories in rodents

  • conducted in room with ample visual cues, pool with platform hidden underneath
  • mice will remember where platform is based on visual cues
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23
Q

What is the hippocampus necessary for?

A

formation of new declarative (spatial) memories

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24
Q

Animals that can fly exhibit what kind of place fields? What does this tell us?

A

exhibit 3D place fields – the need for a cognitive ‘map’ extends to other lifestyles

25
Q

What do Kenyan cells (KC) do?

A

encode odours

26
Q

What is the mushroom body?

A

where memories of odours are formed – analog to piriform cortex

27
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

emotionally neutral stimulus that can be paired with something that has value (ie. tone/sound)

28
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

stimulus that has intrinsic value (ie. aversive, fear-inducing shock)

29
Q

Do humans and mice have similar areas associated with specific emotional states?

A

optogenetic activation of areas known to be associated with specific emotional states in humans produced the expected facial expression in mice

30
Q

What are the three components of emotions?

A
  • behaviour
  • feeling
  • physiology
31
Q

What are the two early theories of emotion? What differed between them?

A
  • Lange
  • Cannon-bard

debated emotion processing sequence

32
Q

What is the Lange theory of emotion?

A

stimulus –> autonomic response –> conscious feeling

ie. I feel afraid because I tremble

33
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

(more correct)

stimulus –> subcortical brain activity –> conscious feeling and autonomic response

ie. dog makes me tremble and feel afraid

34
Q

What are the two pathways of emotional motor control?

A
  • voluntary control of facial movements
  • emotional control of facial movements
35
Q

What is voluntary facial paresis?

A
  • when asked to show teeth, one side of face has paralysis
  • when shown something funny, can smile normally (no paralysis)
36
Q

What is emotional facial paresis?

A
  • when asked to show teeth, can smile normally
  • when shown something funny, one side of face has paralysis
37
Q

How does the frontal cortex (FC) contribute to emotions?

A

(most notably prefrontal and cingulate)

cognitive function, attention, and “top-down” control of emotions

38
Q

How does the ventral hippocampus (HP) contribute to emotions?

A

cognitive function, memory

39
Q

How does the hypothalamus (Hyp) contribute to emotions?

A

autonomic nervous system control – sleep, hunger, etc.

40
Q

How does the nucleus accumbens (Nac) contribute to emotions?

A

reward and aversion

41
Q

How does the amygdala (Amy) contribute to emotions?

A

important for response to emotional stimuli

42
Q

How does the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contribute to emotions?

A

sends dopaminergic projections to other areas, and mediates reward

43
Q

What is the appraisal model for the number of existing emotions?

A

involves many descriptive elements (dimensions)

  • is it expected, safe
  • is there a change in knowledge based on what is happening
44
Q

What is the valence/arousal model for the number of existing emotions?

A

two parameters determine all emotional states – positive or negative

  • how strong the feeling is
45
Q

What is the AMPA/NMDA ratio?

A

measure of input synaptic strength

46
Q

What is vocalization/speech?

A

movement of vocal structures (such as larynx, pharynx, and lungs) to produce audible noises used for communication

47
Q

What is communication?

A

conveyance of information from one being to another

48
Q

What is language?

A

ability to assemble arbitrary symbols (including audible sounds) into a structure that conveys complex meaning (with essentially infinite possibilities)

49
Q

What are song motor nuclei?

A

motor nuclei that produce song – areas of brain that produce motor signals that control larynx and production of song

50
Q

Fundamental Characteristics of Language

What is productivity?

A

potential for unique word combinations and sentence meanings is infinite

51
Q

Fundamental Characteristics of Language

What is displacement?

A

it can communicate ideas or events not present in the current environment/situation

52
Q

Fundamental Characteristics of Language

What is arbitrariness?

A

words/symbols used to denote objects are not intrinsically related to what they represent

53
Q

Fundamental Characteristics of Language

What is discreteness?

A

elements (words) each have their own distinct meaning

54
Q

Fundamental Characteristics of Language

What is duality?

A

sounds (letters) that compose words can be combined in different ways to convey different ideas (ie. meat and team)

55
Q

Fundamental Characteristics of Language

What is cultural transmission?

A

language is acquired through culture

56
Q

Birdsong is produced by two connected circuits. What are they?

A
  • motor pathway
  • anterior forebrain pathway
57
Q

What does the motor pathway for birdsong project to? What does it receive input from?

A
  • project to lower motor pools that control vocal structures
  • receive input from HVc
58
Q

Where does language processing occur?

A

implicated in a wide range of areas in the brain

59
Q

What are conspecifics?

A

unrelated individuals from the same species

+ BIOL 372 (21 decks)

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