Complex lipids

Question 1

Derived from phosphatidic acid, Hydrophobic FA tail + Glycerol backbone via ester bond + Phosphate + some kind of polar head group like choline, serine, ethanolamine, inositol.

Answer 1

Glycerophospholipid

Question 2

Precursors of glycerophospholipids

Answer 2

Phosphatidic acid and 1,2 diacylglyerol (DAG)

Question 3

glycerol –> glycerol-3-P

–> Phosphatidic acid

Answer 3

In liver

Question 4

DHAP –> glycerol 3-P –> Phosphatidic acid

Answer 4

In adipose

Question 5

2 long chain FAs are transferred from fatty acyl-COA to…

Answer 5

Lysophosphatic acid (liver)

Question 6

Unsaturated fatty acids added become

Answer 6

Phosphatidic acid (liver)

Question 7

Makes blood cells

Answer 7

Hematopoeisis

Question 8

What is PA–> DAG (–> triglycerides) done by?

Answer 8

Phosphatase

Question 9

What is choline head group converted to?

Answer 9

Phosphocholine

Question 10

What is CDP-choline activated by?

Answer 10

Pyrophosphorylase

Question 11

The pyrophosphate bond is cleaved and phosphocholine transferred to the DAG in order to form?

Answer 11

Lecithin

Question 12

Oxidation of what is essential to life?

Answer 12

Metabolic fuels

Question 13

What are carbohydrates and lipids metabolized to?

Answer 13

CO2 and H2O

Question 14

Central metabolic currency

Answer 14

ATP

Question 15

What reactions occur in mitochondria?

Answer 15

Oxidation- reduction (redox)

Question 16

Cellular energy, signaling, celluar differentiation, cell death, cell cycle, cell growth

Answer 16

Mitochondria

Question 17

How are energy (calorie) value of fuels calculated?

Answer 17

Complete burning (oxidation)

Question 18

More reduced fuels =

Answer 18

Higher calorie

Question 19

Comprised of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol

Answer 19

Complex lipids

Question 20

Where are complex lipids found?

Answer 20

Biological membranes

Circulating lipoproteins

Question 21

Backbone is not glycerol

Contains various head groups including sugars

Answer 21

Sphingolipids

Question 22

What does phosphatidylcholinen react with to form phosphatidylserine?

Answer 22

Free serine

Question 23

Sphingolipids with covalently bound sugars are known as?

Answer 23

Glycosphingolipids & glycolipids

Question 24

Polar head-group, comprising the sugars, is attatched to ceramind by a glycosidic bond at the terminal hydroxyl group of spingosine

Answer 24

Glycolipids

Question 25

How is blood group determmined?

Answer 25

by the type of sugars located on head groups (glycospingolipids)

Question 26

A-acetylgalactosamine group

Answer 26

A antigen

Question 27

Galactose group

Answer 27

B antigen

Question 28

No groups

Answer 28

O antigen

Question 29

phosphatidylcholine + free serine --> phosphatidylserine + free choline. Choline can be activated to CDP

Answer 29

Primary pathways

Question 30

decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine by mitochondrial decarboxylase --> phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylethanolamine methylated with SAM X3 into phosphatidylcholine

Answer 30

Secondary pathway

Question 31

What are the major phospholipids

Answer 31

Glycerophosopholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol

Question 32

Synthesized from phosphatidic acid and 1,2-diacylglycerol, which are both intermediates in the production of triacylglycerols

Answer 32

Phospholipids

Question 33

Where does lipid synthesis occurs?

Answer 33

Smooth ER

Question 34

What is the difference between phospholipids and sphingolipids?

Answer 34

Sphingolipids do not have a glycerol backbone, they have a sphigosine backbone

Question 35

What does Saponifiable mean?

Answer 35

Has an esther functional group

Question 36

Difference between phospholipids and saponfiable?

Answer 36

Glycerophosopholipids are saponifiable, sphingolipids are not

Question 37

glycosphingolipids role in blood type?

Answer 37

glycosphingolipid head groups will determine the type of antigen on the surface

Question 38

Main building blocks of cholesterol

Answer 38

Cell membranes, steroid hormones, vitamin D

Question 39

What does HMG-CoA do?

Answer 39

Decrease cholesterol synthesis

Question 40

Removes cholesterol as free form or as bile acids, these will assist in digestion of dietary fat

Answer 40

Liver

Question 41

synthesized in liver and then transported to intestine

Answer 41

Primary bile acids

Question 42

form in intestine through the action of anaerobic bacteria

Answer 42

Secondary bile acids

Question 43

3 main steroid hormones

Answer 43

Corticosteroids, androgens, and estrogens

Question 44

Excreted via the kidney in urine

Answer 44

Steriod hormones

Question 45

How is the potency of steroids removed

Answer 45

Reductions

Question 46

Why are steroid structures conjugated to polar molecules

Answer 46

To make it water soluble

Question 47

triacyglycerides, carries cholesterols from liver to adipode tissue

Answer 47

Chylomicrons

Question 48

packed chylomicrons in the liver

Answer 48

VLDL (very low)

Question 49

triacylglycerides and cholesterol remnants

Answer 49

IDL (intermediate)

Question 50

main component is cholesterol, will carry lipids around the body

Answer 50

LDL (low)

Question 51

main component is protein, carries phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides,

Answer 51

HDL (high)

Question 52

Good lipoproteins

Answer 52

HDL

Question 53

LDL receptor specifically mediates cellular uptake of LDL particles

Answer 53

Lipoprotein receptors

Question 54

What regulates the expression of LDL receptors?

Answer 54

Intacellular cholesterol concentration

Question 55

- chylomicrons formed in intestine of trascylgylcerols to peripheral cells - lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes triacylglycerides to FAs - chylomicron remnants are metabolized in liver

Answer 55

Fed state of fuel transport

Question 56

- VLDL transport fuel from liver to peripheral tissues formed in intestine transport of triacylglycerols to peripheral cells - VLDL remnants return to liver and metabolized closely

Answer 56

Fasting state of fuel transport

Question 57

Overflow pathway

Answer 57

LDL metabolism

Question 58

What is LDL generated from?

Answer 58

remnants in fuel transport pathway , cholesterol rich

Question 59

What takes up LDL metabolism?

Answer 59

APO B/E receptors in peripheral

Question 60

Obtained through diet and synthesis in the liver

Answer 60

Cholesterol