Leys

Question 1

Two major complex carbohydrates

Answer 1

glycoproteins and proteoglycans.

Question 2

proteins that contain short glycan (or sugar) chains.

Answer 2

Glycoproteins

Question 3

usually about 3 to 15 sugars long and often highy branched. They do not have a repeating unit and usually contain about 10-15% carbohydrate by weight.

Answer 3

Glycan chains in glycoproteins

Question 4

Found on the cell surface proteins, the ER and the golgi or they are secreted.

Answer 4

Glycoproteins

Question 5

1. assist in protein folding to the correct conformation,
2. enhance protein solubility,
3. stabilize the protein against denaturation,
4. protect the protein from proteolytic degradation,
5. target the protein to specific subcellular locations,
6. serve as recognition signals for carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins).

Answer 5

Carbohydrates on glycoproteins

Question 6

Major sugars found on proteins

Answer 6

Amino sugars, neutral sugars and acidic sugars

Question 7

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetlygalactosamine

Answer 7

Amino sugars

Question 8

galactose, mannose and fucose

Answer 8

Neutral sugars

Question 9

sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid)

Answer 9

Acidic sugars

Question 10

Contain as much as 50-60% sugars

Answer 10

Proteoglycans

Question 11

long unbranched polymers than can contain hundreds of monosaccharides usually having a repeating disaccharide unit

Answer 11

Sugarchains

Question 12

Two types of linakages of carbohydrates to proteins

Answer 12

N- linked & O- linked

Question 13

linked where the sugar is attached to an asparagine

Answer 13

N

Question 14

inked where the sugar is attached to a serine, threonine or hydroxylysine.

Answer 14

O

Question 15

How many complex carbohydrates have been identified

Answer 15

More than 100

Question 16

Core of complex carbohydrates

Answer 16

2 N-acetylglucosamines and 3 mannose residues

Question 17

Do proteins have both N-linked and O-linked structures?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

What do O link proteins attach

Answer 18

Serine, threonine, and hydroxylysine

Question 19

What do cells use to make all other sugars

Answer 19

Glucose (NO non essential sugars)

Question 20

Recognize carbohydrate signals on leukocytes.

Answer 20

Lectins on the surface of endothelial cells

Question 21

Found on the surface of bacteria

Answer 21

Complex carbohydrates

Question 22

Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan on their surface

Answer 22

Gram positive

Question 23

Have a thin layer of peptidoglycan between two lipid bilayers.

Answer 23

Gram negative

Question 24

Made up of the alternating co-polymers or N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

Answer 24

Carbohydrate portion of peptidoglycan

Question 25

Synthesis and deposition of peptidoglycan

Answer 25

Target of several antibiotics (penicillin)

Question 26

What surrounds some bacteria?

Answer 26

thick polysaccharide capsule

Question 27

help bacteria stick to each other to form plaque on the surface of teeth.

Answer 27

Glugans of S. Mutans

Question 28

Synthesis of biological compounds

Answer 28

Anabolism

Question 29

Breakdown of compouds

Answer 29

catabolism

Question 30

Main source of amino acids

Answer 30

Dietary protein

Question 31

Storage form of amino acids

Answer 31

There is none

Question 32

Where do mammals acquire most of their energy

Answer 32

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Question 33

Most efficient but yields the lowest amount of energy

Answer 33

Carbohydrate breakdown

Question 34

intermediate amount of energy, however nitrogen containing byproduct must be eliminated.

Answer 34

Protein

Question 35

Synthesizes nonessential amino acids, removes and breaks down excess amino acids, removes ammonia from the blood and converts it to urea and makes other nitrogen-containing compounds.

Answer 35

Liver

Question 36

Where do amino acids feed into other pathways

Answer 36

pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and TCA intermediates

Question 37

Difference between amino acids and fatty acids

Answer 37

Amino acids are converted to pyruvate and then glucose. While fatty acids cannot

Question 38

The first step in converting amino acids into glucose or other intermediates

Answer 38

Deamination

Question 39

The most common mechanism for deamination

Answer 39

Transamination

Question 40

Exchanges the amino group with the keto group on alpha- keto glutarate resulting in glutamic acid.

Answer 40

Transamination

Question 41

Key intermediate in amino acid metabolism

Answer 41

Glutamate

Question 42

Can be deaminated to give free ammonia

Answer 42

Glutamate

Question 43

There is no net loss of nitrogen or ammonia during

Answer 43

transamination

Question 44

Required amino acids in diet

Answer 44

Essential

Question 45

Purpose of removing the amino group

Answer 45

Synthesize new nitrogen compounds or excreted as urea

Question 46

Amino acid catabolism

Answer 46

removes amino group which incorporates carbon atoms for TCA cycle

Question 47

Nitric oxide, hormones, neurotransmitters, nicotinamide, heme, creatin phosphate and nucleotides.

Answer 47

Major compounds that derive nitrogen from aa

Question 48

Transaminase reactions are..

Answer 48

Reversible

Question 49

Allows the inter-conversion between amino acids keeping their concentrations balanced.

Answer 49

Reversible reaction of transaminase

Question 50

highly toxic to living organisms and must be eliminated safely

Answer 50

Ammonia

Question 51

Where does conversion of ammonia to urea take place

Answer 51

Liver

Question 52

Converts one molecule of free ammonia (from glutamic acid) and one amino group from aspartate into urea and fumarate.

Answer 52

Urea cycle

Question 53

What is the connection between the urea cycle and the TCA cycle

Answer 53

Product of fumarate during the urea cycle

Question 54

Used to transport nitrogen from peripheral tissues to the liver

Answer 54

Alanine

Question 55

Converted to pyruvate with the nitrogen incorporated into urea.

Answer 55

Alanine

Question 56

Facilitates that conversion of amino acids into glucose

Answer 56

The glucose-alanine cycle

Question 57

Account for about 50% of amino acids released by muscle into the blood.

Answer 57

Alanine and glutamine

Question 58

Where does the conversion of ammonia into carbamoyl phosphate occur

Answer 58

Mitochondria

Question 59

What is the effect of lack of urea cycle activity

Answer 59

Death

Question 60

Use of compound that react with amino groups and remove them from the body.

Answer 60

Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects

Question 61

Can be metabolized into 3 carbon molecules that can be used to synthesize glucose

Answer 61

Glucogenic amino acids

Question 62

Metabolized into 2 or 4 carbon structures.

Answer 62

Ketogenic amino acids

Question 63

Disease causes by defects in amino acid metabolism

Answer 63

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), Phenylketouria, Albinism, Alkaptonuria

Question 64

Inability to metabolize branch chain amino acids.

Answer 64

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

Question 65

Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Answer 65

Phenylketonuria

Question 66

Caused by other defects in aromatic amino acid metabolism.

Answer 66

Alkaptonuria (black urine disease) and Albinism

Question 67

Black urine disese

Answer 67

Alkaptonuria

Question 68

Decarboxylation of ornithine to make putrescine.

Answer 68

First step in polyamine syntheis

Question 69

Rate-limiting step in polyamine synthesis and has been the target for a number of cancer drugs.

Answer 69

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)

Question 70

Carbohydrate binding proteins that recognize and bind to specific glycans in a non-catalytic and reversible manner

Answer 70

Lectins

Question 71

Rate limiting step for glycolysis

Answer 71

phosphofructokinase

Question 72

Which enzyme catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate?

Answer 72

Pyruvate carboxylase