Components and Processes of the Cell

Question 1

Selectively Permeable

Answer 1

Plasma membrane- a phospholipid bilayer of hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules

Question 2

Nucleolus

Answer 2

Small structure inside the nucleus, primary site for partial assembly of ribosomes

Question 3

Cytology

Answer 3

The study of cells

Question 4

Active Transport

Answer 4

When the cell uses energy to move substances across the plasma membrane, against the concentration gradient

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

Organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell- breaks down glucose to produce ATP molecules, the energy source for all cellular work

Question 6

Cytoskeleton

Answer 6

Organelle that is a series of protein filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that form internal scaffolding/shape/strength to cells

Question 7

Multipotent

Answer 7

A type of stem cell that are unspecialized cells that have the ability to self-renew for long periods of time and differentiate into specialized cells

Question 8

Effector Protein

Answer 8

A molecule within cells that acts to execute the effects of signaling pathways, often as a response to external or internal signals.

Question 9

Filtration

Answer 9

Driven by differences in pressure. When fluids press against a barrier, they create hydrostatic pressure or fluid pressure, which pushes the fluid and smaller solutes through any opening fro an area of high pressure to lower pressure.

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

Smaller structure with its own membrane. Contains DNA, which stores genetic code, or blueprint, for each cell and for the body as a whole. Contains the nucleolus.

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

Composed of three main parts: adenine, a five-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups. Primary energy currency of cells, used to power a wide range of cellular processes

Question 12

Hydrophobic

Answer 12

One end of a phospholipid that is uncharged and is “water fearing”

Question 13

protein synthesis

Answer 13

the process by which cells create proteins using the genetic information encoded in DNA

Question 14

gene

Answer 14

segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or functional RNA molecule, which in turn influences the characteristics of an organism

Question 15

cilia

Answer 15

tiny, hair-like appendages found on the surface of some eukaryotic cells

Question 16

ectoderm

Answer 16

the outermost layer of the three primary germ layers that form during early embryonic development in animal

Question 17

channel protein

Answer 17

a type of transmembrane protein that forms pores or tunnels in the cell membrane, allowing specific molecules or ions to pass through

Question 18

osmosis

Answer 18

he movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration

Question 19

Matrix

Answer 19

The material in which more specialized structures are embedded. Example= cytoplasmic matrix

Question 20

Glycogen

Answer 20

Stored form of excess glucose. Stored in skeletal muscles and liver.

Question 21

Anabolism

Answer 21

Body uses molecules as building blocks to repair and build new tissue OR to store nutrients for a later time

Question 22

Pluripotent

Answer 22

A type of stem cell able to produce themselves or differentiate themselves into any type of body tissue Unable to divide to create a whole organism.

Question 23

Stem Cells

Answer 23

Embryonic Cells that can reproduce and produce different types of cells

Question 24

Cytokinesis

Answer 24

Separation of the cytoplasm during cell division; final stage of cell division

Question 25

Receptor protein

Answer 25

Monitor the internal and external environment of the cell to keep it informed about what is happening in and around it

Question 26

Mesoderm

Answer 26

Middle embryonic layer that differentiates into bone, blood, muscle tissue, and certain epithelial tissues in the urinary and endocrine systems

Question 27

Plasma membrane

Answer 27

Selectively permeable boundary surrounding all cells; also known as the cell membrane

Question 28

Cytosol

Answer 28

Fluid component of cytoplasm

Question 29

integral membrane protein

Answer 29

effector and receptor proteins embedded within the cell membrane that allow the cell to read and respond to its environment

Question 30

totipotent

Answer 30

the first 8 stem cells produced through division of a fertilized egg, each capable of producing a complete human organism

Question 31

phospholipid

Answer 31

lipid molecules attached to phosphorus which create the basic framework of the cell membrane

Question 32

organelle

Answer 32

small structures within a cell that carry out physiologic processes

Question 33

mitosis

Answer 33

a process of cell division in which the nucleus duplicates its DNA and then divides to form two identical nuclei that carry the same genetic blueprint

Question 34

cell differentiation

Answer 34

the process of specializing stem cells into three categories; totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent

Question 35

microvilli

Answer 35

hair-like projections increasing cell surface area for cell's absorbency

Question 36

cell membrane aka plasma membrane

Answer 36

outer covering that encloses each cell playing essential roles in cellular activity such as regulation of substances entering and leaving the cell.

Question 37

histology

Answer 37

the study of tissues

Question 38

enzyme

Answer 38

Effector protein that speed up the breakdown and synthesis of various molecules with the cell

Question 39

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 39

process and package proteins for leaving the cell

Question 40

Transport Protein

Answer 40

a type of effector protein that shuttles nutrients and wastes across the plasma membrane of a cell

Question 41

Glycolipid

Answer 41

lipids with attached carbohydrates (one of the lipid types that makes up the the plasma membrane)

Question 42

Catabolism

Answer 42

any chemical process the body uses to break down nutrients or molecules

Question 43

Diffusion

Answer 43

a passive transport mechanism that relies on differences in the level of concentration between substances

Question 44

Meiosis

Answer 44

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms where one cell divides twice to create four daughter cells, each with half the original number of chromosomes (a two-step process)

Question 45

Centrosome

Answer 45

Organelle made up of two bundles of microtubules called centrioles. Plays a role in cell division and in producing the cytoskeleton

Question 46

Lysosome

Answer 46

Digestive enzymes that break down foreign substances that enter the cell

Question 47

Metabolism

Answer 47

All the chemical processes that occur in the body to sustain life

Question 48

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 48

System of twisting canals within the cytoplasm that provides a pathway for substances to move throughout the cell

Question 49

Endoderm

Answer 49

The innermost layer of cells or tissues

Question 50

cytoplasm

Answer 50

Internal environment of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; includes the cytosol and organelles.

Question 51

passive transport

Answer 51

Cellular transport mechanism that does not require the use of energy.

Question 52

cholesterol

Answer 52

a lipid with an attached carbohydrate which is a primary component of the plasma membrane; a waxy, fat-like substance found in all animal cells and blood which plays a crucial role in various biological processes

Question 53

plasma membrane

Answer 53

the outer covering that defines and encloses each cell; selectively permeable boundary surrounding all cells, also known as the cell membrane

Question 54

cytosol

Answer 54

part of the cytoplasm, a gel-like medium that is 75%-90% water with variable amounts of organic compounds