Components of communication and swallowing and Anatomy of speech production mechanism Flashcards
1
Q
communication
A
“…communication is an exchange of ideas between sender(s) and receiver(s). It involves message transmission and response or feedback.” (Owens et al., 2015, p38)
2
Q
receptive language
A
comprehension or understanding
3
Q
Syntax
A
Organisational rules specifying word order, sentence organisation
4
Q
Pragmatics
A
Language use within a communication context (use)
5
Q
bilabia
A
bottom lip to top lip, p,b,m,w
6
Q
language
A
a system of symbols that represent concepts and allows people to communicate with one another
7
Q
speech
A
Acoustic representation of language
8
Q
expressive language
A
production / talking
9
Q
Language Parameters
A
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics
10
Q
Phonology
A
the description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language
11
Q
Morphology
A
structure of words and the effect it has on meaning
12
Q
Semantics
A
Meaning of words and sentences (content)
13
Q
literacy
A
the ability to read, write and spell
14
Q
reading decoding
A
aim for Accuracy, Fluency and Comprehension
15
Q
Writing encoding
A
aim for Spelling and Written discourse
16
Q
phonological awareness
A
understanding that words are made of discrete units
17
Q
Features of speech
A
articulation, fluency, voice
18
Q
Articulation
A
the physical production of particular speech sounds
19
Q
phoneme
A
smallest sound unit capable of changing word meanings
20
Q
places of articulation
A
bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal/palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
21
Q
Labio-dental
A
bottom lip to teeth, f,v
22
Q
inter-dental
A
tongue between teeth, th,th
23
Q
alveolar
A
tongue and alveolar ridge, t,d,s,z,l,n
24
Q
post-alveolar
A
Tongue, back of alveolar ridge, r
25
Palatal/palato-alveolar
tongue, further back from alveolar ridge, sh,zh,ch,j/dg
26
Palatal
tongue, hard palate, y
27
Velar
tongue, soft palate, k,g,ng
28
glottal
glottis (vocal cords), h
29
Manner of articulation
Describes how a sound is made - how airstream is obstructed and the air is released from the vocal tract
30
manners of articulation
stops or plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides (approximant)
31
Stop or plosive
airflow briefly but completely stopped in oral cavity, p, b, t, d, k, g
32
Fricative
partial blockage of airstream, f, v, s, z, sh, zh, th, th, h
33
Affricate
blocked with slow release (stop + fricative), ch, dz
34
Liquids
air escapes around the tongue, l, r
35
Glide (approximant)
little or no obstruction of airstream, (movement only), y, w
36
Nasal
mouth blocked, air through nose, m, n, ng
37
Presence of voicing
Sound categorised as 'voiced' or 'voiceless'
38
Voiceless (no vibration of vocal folds/cords)
p, t, k, th, s, sh, ch, f (all have a voiced pair), h
39
Voiced (vibration of vocal folds)
b, d, g, th, z, zh, dg, v (all have a voiceless pair), r,y,w,l,m,n,ng
40
Vowels
Normally voiced, Produced with relatively open vocal tract
41
Vowel sounds are produced according to the
Shape of the vocal tract and Position of the tongue
42
Diphthongs
involve the combination (blending) of two different vowel sounds into one single speech sound through the movement from one vowel to another, cow, toy, eye
43
Function of voice:
Audibility, Paralinguistic features (personality, emotions), Linguistic features (grammar), Influence social interaction, Exert control over the listener, Enables the listener to make inferences about the speaker.
44
Voice parameters
Pitch, Loudness, Quality, Resonance
45
pitch
the highness or lowness of a sound (perceptual counterpart to fundamental frequency associated with speed of vocal fold vibration)
46
Loudness
perceptual counterpart to vocal intensity/ amplitude of the sound waive
47
Quality
how clear the voice sounds
48
Resonance
relates to the degree of oral or nasal quality in the voice
49
fluency
produced with ease smooth, flowing, continuous, rhythmic, relatively rapid, free from excessive or prolonged interruptions, absence of stuttering
50
The auditory pathway comprises
Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear, Auditory nervous system
51
Play
All encompassing activity and the primary occupation of children. (Stagnitti & Unsworth, 2000, p. 121)
52
6 Reasons children play:
= To learn about their physical, social and emotional abilities and skills
= Explore motivation and achievement
= Imaginary world for mastery over unmanageable aspects of reality
= Activation, exploration and wonder
= Build interpersonal relationships
= Develop interests, concentration and problem solving skill
53
7 Types of Play
- Exploratory (investigation of properties of toy, object, self, other)
- Functional (sensorimotor or practice play appropriate to the situation, media)
- Constructional (manipulation of objects to construct or create something)
- Dramatic/pretend/symbolic (involves pretense, acting out a role)
- Games with Rules (e.g., duck, duck goose, tag, soccer),
- Rough and tumble play (e.g., wrestling)
- Technology play (recognition of increasing role technology has in play repertoire of children)
54
6 aspects of Physical structures required for speech
Speech, Voice, Hearing, Swallowing, Language and fluency (more reliant on neural structures but can be affected by a breakdown at the physical level)
55
Primary anatomical systems for speech
Resonance, Articulation, Phonation, Respiration
56
Respiration - 3 points
-Speech occurs on expiring air passing over vocal folds
- "energy source" for speech
- Breath support affects:
intensity, pitch, stress & phrasing
57
Respiration to phonation
| 4 points
• Trachea = joins larynx to lungs,
• Larynx = noise source which functions:
- in swallowing to prevent food/ objects entering trachea and lungs
- in speech to vibrate and produce sound
58
Phonation and the larynx
| 2 points
* Vocal folds are suspended within the larynx where they abduct (open) in respiration and adduct (close) in phonation.
* due to air pressure changes and the elasticity of the ligament structure.
59
Respiration to Articulation
| 3 points
1. Exhaled air leaves the lungs as air flows from high to low pressure areas.
2. Vocal folds close due to elasticity > can't escape > pressure builds > vocal folds are forced open
- cycle repeats - constant action vibrates the air-stream > PHONATION.
3. Vibrating air continues into the oral or nasal cavities where ARTICULATION occurs.
60
articulators and associated structures
Lips, Tongue, Jaw (mandible and maxilla) & Nasal cavity, Hard and soft palates, Larynx, Teeth
61
Tongue in articulation
| 3 points
Modifies the shape of the oral cavity
• Acts as a valve to inhibit or stop the air stream
• Acts as a noise generator
62
Lips in articulation
| 2 points
Valve for speech - impede and release air flow
| Noise generation - constrict/ vibrate air stream
63
Hard palate
| 3 points
Front 2/3 of the roof of the mouth
• Primary functions are in chewing and swallowing
• Shapes the airstream for speech
• Provides contact points for tongue in speech
• Separates the oral and nasal cavities
64
Soft palate (velum)
is not an articulator but is involved in controlling resonance
65
The Resonators - hollow spaces
1. Pharynx (throat)
2. Oral cavity (mouth)
• Tongue
• Lips
• Palate
3. Nasal cavity
Controlled by action of soft palate or velum (velopharyngeal closure)
66
Functions of the resonators - speech
| 2 points
```
• nasal resonance:
soft palate lowers for nasal sounds
(air leaves through nasal cavity)
• oral resonance:
raised for all other sounds to prevent air escape via nasal cavity
```
67
Functions of the resonators - swallowing
| 3 points
* soft palate moves posteriorly
* closes access to nasal cavity from the oral cavity
* prevents re-gurgitation of food.
