Comprehensive Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Tobacco use became popular in European culture because:
A
it was associated with wealth and status.
2
Q
The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is…
A
Nicotiana tobacum
3
Q
During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England?
A
Sunff
4
Q
Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920, the most popular form was…
A
cigars
5
Q
Over 90% of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now…
A
filter cigarettes
6
Q
Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline…
A
after the 1964 Surgeon General’s report.
7
Q
In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the FDA…
A
had no authority to regulate tobacco products.
8
Q
People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes…
A
Typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.
9
Q
Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because…
A
the FDA considered them a “nicotine delivery device” rather than an agricultural product.
10
Q
One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking adults is..
A
higher level of education.
11
Q
The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been…
A
cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
12
Q
One recent fad in tobacco use has been…
A
hookahs (water pipes)
13
Q
Although lung cancer if not common, about _____ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.
A
80
14
Q
Annual “smoking attributable mortality” in the U.S. is estimated at__________.
A
440,000
15
Q
In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that…
A
secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.
16
Q
One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is…
A
low birth weight.
17
Q
Nicotine acts in the brain by…
A
first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors.
18
Q
As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by…
A
paralysis of respiration muscles.
19
Q
The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is…
A
arousal and activation - a mild stimulant effect, as well as calm and relaxation - a mind antianxiety effect
20
Q
Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to:
A
acetylcholine receptors
21
Q
About 90% of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that…
A
they quit smoking without an treatment program.
22
Q
Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of…
A
nicotine replacement therapy.
23
Q
IN the 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. That drug is:
A
varenicline (Chantix)
24
Q
In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was…
A
found to be no better than placebo.
25
In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act...
authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.
26
The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled:
The Women's Petition Against Coffee
27
In the 18th century, English coffeehouses were referred to as...
penny universities.
28
In 1970, Americans drank more coffee than any other nonalcoholic beverage product. By 2009,
Americans drank approximately twice as many gallons of soft drinks as compared to coffee.
29
The largest exporters of coffee to the U.S. are...
Columbia, Brazil, and Vietnam
30
Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of...
camellia sinensis.
31
the world's greatest per-capita consumers of tea are found in...
Turkey
32
__________ is prescribed to asthma sufferers because it relaxes bronchial passages.
Theophylline
33
Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for...
food of the gods.
34
Most regular brewed teas have about how much of caffeine per cup?
40-60 mg (about half the amount in coffee)
35
The unique xanthine in chocolate is...
theorbomine
36
In 1909, the FDA seized come Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because...
the syrup contained caffeine.
37
According to current FDA rules on "cola" drinks,
they cannot contain more than 6 mg caffeine per ounce.
38
The main active ingredient in Red Bull and other energy drinks is...
caffeine
39
The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about ____ after drinking coffee.
2 hours
40
The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is...
headache
41
Caffeine works in the brain by...
blocking a adenosine receptors.
42
One important determinant of the behavioral effects of caffeine is...
whether the person is a regular user.
43
Caffeine has been shown to be an effective treatment for...
migraine headaches
44
Often people who drink too much alcohol attempt to "sober up" by drinking coffee. Several studies support the idea that caffeine...
is likely to lead to decreased arousal, but the drinker is still impaired.
45
Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day...
doubles the risk of heart attack.
46
All of the xanthines have similar effects. But which one has the greatest overall effect?
caffeine
47
Caffeine is thought to relieve headaches because it is a...
vasoconstrictor
48
Which of the following has the highest amount of caffeine per serving?
Excedrin Migraine
49
Many of the capsules, pills, and powders that look like drugs and than consumers think of as drugs are actually classified by the FDA as...
food products
50
If you buy a bottle of St. John's wort 300 mg tablets, each tablet will contain 300 mg...
total tablet weight, with an unknown amount of plant material or ingredients.
51
The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act...
expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA's regulatory authority over them.
52
The FDA was given additional authority over dietary supplements in 2006 to set up...
an "Adverse Events Reporting" process
53
SAME (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) is dietary supplement that has some research support for its possible use in treating...
depression
54
What dietary supplement ingredient has been tested for its ability to improve memory in Alzheimer's disease, but has produced only small and unreliable improvements in published research?
Ginkgo biloba
55
The U.S. market for over-the-counter drug products totals about..
$18 billion
56
Because of the way the FDA reviews and approves OTC drugs...
various brands of a given type of remedy usually contain the same few active ingredients.
57
The 2006 revised PATRIOT Act required that products containing ______ be kept "behind the counter," and buyers must show identification and sign for their purchase.
pseudophedrine
58
The only active ingredient the FDA allows in OTC stimulants is...
caffeine
59
Starting in 2007, the only FDA-approved OTC weight control ingredient is...
orlistat (alli)
60
OTC drugs approved as sleep aids, like Nytol and Sominex...
contain an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine.
61
Acetylsalicyclic acid was developed in the Bayer laboratory in Germany in 1898 and sold under the band name...
Aspirin
62
Besides analgesia (pain relief), another important effect of aspirin is as a(n)...
antipyretic - reduces fever
63
Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of increased risk of...
Reye's syndrome
64
The generic name for Tylenol and Datril is...
acetaminophen
65
NSAID stands for...
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
66
Cold viruses are usually transmitted...
by being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose
67
Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?
it acts as a cough suppressant
68
There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _______, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations.
dextromethorphan
69
The acronym GRAS stands for...
generally recognized as safe
70
Suppose you had a fever, a headache and a swollen knee. What medication would be most appropriate to treat all three symptoms?
ibuprophen
71
Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms. (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?
dextromethorphan
72
The textbook suggest that consumers are est able to choose from among the wide variety of OTC products by...
knowing a fairly small number of ingredient names
73
Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for...
the opium poppy
74
The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by..
Eqyptians, around 1500 BC
75
The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, ad later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of...
laudanum
76
One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was...
a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.
77
The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted, among other things, in...
the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession
78
The two major active chemicals in opium are...
morphine and codeine
79
In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name...
Heroin
80
By the beginning of the 20th century, a greater percentage of Americans were addicted to opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with,
patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine
81
Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by...
1915 Supreme Court decision
82
Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users...
during the 1920's because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose.
83
Black tar is...
a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form.
84
At the current time, most of the heroin in the U.S. originates from poppy fields in...
Colombia and Mexico
85
Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of...
prescription opioids that are being misused at relatively high rates
86
Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine?
fentanyl
87
Naloxone, nalophine, and naltraxone are examples of...
opoid antagonists
88
Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are...
three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine
89
Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opiods, they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries) because of their ability to...
treat diarrhea
90
Siegel and his colleagues have shown in animal studies that tolerance to opioids
is partly due to conditioned responses
91
The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to...
a bad case of intestinal flu
92
The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstarate the importance of _________ in developing opioid addiction.
positive reinforcement
93
In a heroin user, negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when...
withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection.
94
Long-term exposure to opioid drugs...
has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system.
95
Herion is more potent than morphine because...
it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier
96
In hunter-gatherer societies, the shaman or medicine man (or woman) was important not only for understanding what we now call medicine, but also because he or she was...
a spiritual, or religious leader
97
One name that has been used for hallucinogenic drugs is psychedelic, which means...
mind-viewing, and implies a beneficial, visionary effect.
98
One major grouping of hallucinogens typically allows the user to remain in some touch with the real world and to remember much of what he or she experienced. This group of drugs is referred to as the...
phantastica
99
LSD and psilocybin belong to the chemical grouping of...
indoles
100
LSD was synthesized from alkaloids derived from...
ergot fungus
101
The psychological effect of LSD was first reported by...
Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who developed the drug.
102
The major thrust of early research on LSD was for its...
supposed ability to access the subconscious mind.
103
During the 1950's, one U.S. government agency that conducted research with LSD was the...
Central Intelligence Agency
104
The early LAD researcher who was fired from his academic job, became a proponent of hallucinogenic drug use, and started a religion in which LSD was the sacrament is...
Timothy Leary
105
LSD is considered to be the most potent psychoactive agent known to man because...
it produces effects at such low doses.
106
Although LSD has complex effects in the brain, the best evidence indicates that its hallucinogenic properties are due to stimulating...
serotonin-2A receptors
107
The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures, or of seeing movements produced by musical rhythms, is known as...
synthesia
108
In rare cases, people who have used LSD experience similar symptoms weeks or months later. The common term for this has been...
flashbacks
109
Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis are examples of...
hallucinogenic muchrooms
110
A close relative of LSD, d-lysergic acid amide, is found naturally in...
morning glories and Hawaiian baby woodroses
111
DMT, a short-acting hallucinogen that is usually ineffective when taken orally is,
Cohoba snuff
112
The combination of two plants, one containin DMT and the other containing harmaline (am MAO inhibitor), was originally used by indigenous cultures in South America.and is called...
ayahyasca
113
The Native American Church includes aspects of Christianity and uses ______ as a sacrament.
peyote
114
Besides hallucinations, mescaline also produces...
pupil dilation and increased heart rate and blood pressure.
115
The catechol hallucinogens include mescaline plus a variety of synthetic derivatives of...
amphetamine
116
A drug that has been reported to produce an increase in sociability and euphoria, as well as an increase in blood pressure, body temperature and pulse is...
MDMA
117
PCP was patented as Semyl and first tested as...
a dissociative anethetic
118
The PCP experience differs from LSD and mescaline experiences in that PCP users...
report more changes in body perception.
119
Peace pill and angel dust have been street names for...
PCP
120
Atropa belladonna is also known by the name....
deadly nightshade
121
The anticholinergic plant with a forked root that is mentioned in the Bible is...
mandrake
122
The red and white speckled mushroom that has been associated with an early Christian cult as well as with other religions all over the world is...
amanita muscaria
123
The indole originally found in toad skins, that turns out not to be a very potent hallucinogen, is...
bufotenin
124
Which of the following hallucinogens has NOT received recent scientific interest as a psychotherapeutic agent?
PCP
125
Most of the resin is in which part of the cannabis plant?
flowering tops
126
Cannabis indica has more psychoactive potency, whereas Cannabis sativa is more associated with...
hemp
127
The primary active ingredient in marijuana is...
delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
128
Hashish refers to...
pure cannabis resin
129
The flowering tops (buds) of unpollinated female cannabis plants produce a high-grade marijuana known as...
sinsemilla
130
The American public began to take interest in the new drug menace known is marijuana...
after a New Orleans newspaper in 1926 associated its use with crime.
131
The 1944 La Guardia report of the New York Academy od Medicine concluded that "those who have been smoking marijuana for a period of years..."
showed no mental or physical deterioration
132
The 70 chemicals that are known to be unique to the cannabis plant are called...
cannabinoids
133
The natural substance in the body that has marijuana-like effects is called...
anandamide
134
In a study of heart rate changes following smoked marijuana with 4% THC or 20mg oral THC...
the peak effects were similar, but smoking produced a faster onset of effects.
135
The abuse potential of THC...
is higher for smoked than for oral THC.
136
A consistent cognitive effect of marijuana, seen both in frequent users and in less experiences users, is...
slowing of cognitive processing.
137
A great number of studies have consistently reported that smoked marijuana and oral THC both produce...
increased total daily food intake.
138
Studies show that marijuana increases which of the following?
nonverbal social interactions.
139
In 1985, the FDA approved the sale f dronabinol (Marinol), which...
is a capsule containing THC.
140
The 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine suggested that marijuana cigarettes should...
be allowed for no more than 6 months for patients with intractable pain or vomiting.
141
Tolerance to the effects of smoked marijuana...
allows experienced marijuana users to obtain euphoric effects with minimal cognitive impairment.
142
Studies of the effects of marijuana on automobile driving show...
significant impairments when inexperienced users are studied in a laboratory environment.
143
Which of the following has NOT been found as an effect of regular marijuana use?
Increased testosterone levels in men.
144
Which of the following did NOT occur in the late 1960's and throughout the 1970's in the United States?
Marijuana use among high school students reach an all-time low.
145
The current shift in the U.S. public's attitude towards marijuana laws is probably partly related to which of the the following?
Increasing evidence that marijuana is relatively innocuous.
| A desire to spend federal funds more wisely and gain tax revenue.
146
Rimonabant is a CB1 receptor antagonist that was used as an anti-obesity agent. What was the drug removed from the global market in 2009?
concern about dangerous psychological side effects.
147
As of mid-2014, at least, ___ states and Washington, D.C. have passed ballot initiatives allowing the use of medical marijuana.
20
148
Which of these was NOT one of the three reasons given for why we focus so much attention on drug use by athletes?
Athletes make so much money
149
One of the early types of stimulant drug reported to be used by boxers and others was...
strychnine
150
In the 1800's, the French cycling team endorsed Mariani's "wine for athletes" that contained...
cocaine
151
Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, called _______ drugs.
ergogenic
152
The International Olympics Committee first established rules disqualifying competitors who failed or who refused to take drug tests in...
1968
153
After the National Football League banned the distribution of amphetamines in 1971...
individual players could still get a prescription and use amphetamines if they wanted
154
During and after World War II, it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with...
testosterone
155
An American physician came back from the 1956 Olympic games after learning about the Soviets' use of a steroid drug and helped to develop and test more selective ________ steroids.
anabolic
156
The 2003 BALCO scandal involved a laboratory that was....
selling a previously undetectable steroid to baseball players.
157
One side effect of the tougher 2006 drug testing policies in Major League Baseball is that...
more players are diagnosed with ADHD so they can have therapeutic-use exemptions to take stimulant drugs.
158
College athletes who want to avoid failing a drug test...
have to be very careful, because there are more than 3,000 products containing banned substances.
159
Extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines has concluded that they...
can improve performances by a few percentage points.
160
Laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles have found that caffeine...
can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500mg.
161
One ingredient in dietary supplements was banned by the FDA in 2004 after a Major League Baseball pitcher died from heat stroke after using it. The ingredient was...
ephedrine
162
Although testosterone and related anabolic steroids clearly increase muscle mass during puberty, it has been more difficult to determine scientifically whether adult men with normal testosterone can get much stronger from extra steroids, partly because...
it would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids reportedly used by athletes.
163
It has been difficult to do double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids because...
they produce detectable psychological effects.
164
Which of these was NOT mentioned as one of the psychological side effects of high doses of steroids?
memory loss
165
Women who use steroids to increase their strength might produce some irreversible effects, including...
increased facial hair growth.
166
As part of the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1990, anabolic steroids were..
listed as Schedule III controlled substances, with limited perscription refills.
167
So-called "pituitary giants" often die at an early age because their internal organs continue to grow due to excessive production of...
human growth hormone.
168
Clenbuterol was first detected in Olympic athletes in 1992. Originally developed as a bronchodilatior for treating asthma, this drug is...
a beta-2 agonist
169
One widely-used legal dietary supplement that has been shown to increase strength is...
creatine
170
Some body-builders are trying to appear not only big and strong, but also lean. This is sometimes referred to as looking...
cut, ripped, or shredded.
171
An ideal body fat range for a healthy male is...
14-20%
172
Which of the following stimulant drugs have been used as performance enhancers in athletic competitions?
strychnine
cocaine
caffeine
173
The origin of the word "dope" is derived from the Dutch word used in South Africa to refer to...
a cheap brandy used to impair the performance of racing horses.
174
The textbook pointed out that drug prevention and drug ________ might have different goals and use different approaches.
education
175
Primary prevention programs are aimed at...
young people who have not tried drugs.
176
In the public health model, programs designed to reach people who have started using some substances and to prevent them from abusing these substances or moving to more dangerous substances, would be classified as...
secondary prevention
177
Tertiary prevention programs are aimed at...
people who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up.
178
Which of these is NOT one of the Institute of Medicine's classifications for prevention programs?
affective prevention
179
In the early 1970's, the Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior model began to be questioned when it was learned that...
students with more knowledge about drugs had a more positive attitude toward drugs.
180
Having students discuss their reactions to various moral and ethical dilemmas as a means to help clarify their own values was one example of the general prevention approach known as...
affective education
181
Teaching students relaxation or meditation techniques was seen as one possible way of providing...
alternatives to drug use.
182
Beginning in the 1986, the federal government launches a massive campaign based on anti-drug policies, locker searches, etc., to promote...
"drug free" schools
183
The social influence model grew out of a 1976 paper describing a successful prevention approach aimed at...
cigarette smoking
184
Which of these is NOT one of the successful components included in the social influence model?
discussing the penalties for getting caught with cigarettes
185
the DARE program stands for...
Drug Abuse Resistance Education
186
DARE is one of the most widespread drug prevention programs in schools. Research on DARE has shown that...
it has not produced lasting reductions in drug or alcohol use.
187
Project ALERT and Life Skills Training were included as examples of...
programs that work
188
Out-of-school peer programs include peer influence approaches, as well as...
peer-participation programs
189
Before we can evaluate the success of a drug treatment program, we have to understand the program's...
goals.
190
Studies of the court-ordered referrals to Alcoholics Anonymous versus other types of interventions have...
not found differences in effectivenedd between AA and other appraoches.
191
Motivational enhancement therapy has as its goal...
helping the user move to another "stage of change"
192
Giving the user rewards for drug-free urine samples...
is a form of contigency management.
193
CBT approaches to treatment...
have clients to identify people, places, and behaviors associated with drug use.
194
Prevention of withdrawal symptoms using medications would be considered part of the _____________ process.
detoxification
195
Both drug agonist (substitution) and antagonist treatments are included in the _________ phase of treatment.
maintenance
196
Because of the potential danger of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, these symptoms are often prevented or treated by administering...
benzodiazepines.
197
Which of these has NOT received FDA approval for use during the maintenance phase of alcohol treatment?
bupropion (Zyban)
198
Although naltrex has been used to treat alcohol use disorder, it...
is an opioid antagonist, and it is not clear how it works with alcohol users.
199
Which of these is NOT an FDA approved form of nicotine replacement therapy?
nicotine water
200
Varenicline, approved in 2006 for smoking cessation...
is a partial nicotinic-receptor antagonist.
201
Rapid opioid detoxification is based on...
anesthetizing users and administering an antagonist, so that withdrawal occurs while they are asleep.
202
The most common form of medical treatment for opioid addiction is...
methadone maintenance.
203
Besides methadone, another substitute medication has recently been approved for maintaining opioid addicted patients. It is...
buprenorphine.
204
Because most heroin addicted people prescribed naltrexone stop taking it...
researchers are testing a depot form that blocks heroin's effects for up to 6 weeks.
205
Although many medications have been tested for treating cocaine use disorder, most have shown little promise and none has yet been approved. The most promising results have been found with...
modafinil.
