Midterm Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Alcoholic beverages form when yeasts act upon sugars in the process of…
A
fermentation
2
Q
Heating a solution of alcohol and water, then collecting the alcohol vapors and condensing them into a liquid with a higher alcohol content, is called…
A
distillation
3
Q
The alcoholic content of beverages is indicated by the term “proof,” which is…
A
twice the percentage of alcohol
4
Q
In most commercial beers sold in the U.S., the alcohol content is about…
A
4%
5
Q
Many large commercial distilleries produce grain neutral spirits, which are…
A
95% pure alcohol, the basis for gin and vodka
6
Q
When alcohol is formed, other related substances are also formed, called…
A
congeners
7
Q
Benjamin Rush, a physician who also signed the Declaration of Independence, was the first to…
A
refer to alcohol addiction as a disease
8
Q
In the U.S., national prohibition of alcohol sales was in effect from…
A
1920-1933
9
Q
Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, it was repealed partly because the growth of organized crime and because…
A
of a desire to reduce the income tax
10
Q
Age 21 became the legal drinking age in all U.S. states in what year?
A
1988
11
Q
Americans drink most of their alcohol in the form of…
A
beer
12
Q
Total per-capita consumption of alcohol…
A
has declines considerably from its peak in 1981
13
Q
Which of these states has the highest per-capita sales of alcohol?
A
New Hampshire
14
Q
About what percentage of college students report drinking alcohol at lease once within the past month?
A
60%
15
Q
Which of these substances speeds up the absorption of alcohol?
A
Carbonated liquids
16
Q
The perspective that symptoms of a mental disorder lead to a diagnosis that illuminates both the underlying cause and a cure for the disorder is referred to in the text as the…
A
medical model.
17
Q
The most recent (2013) version of the American Psychiatric Association’s classification system for mental disorders is called the…
A
DSM-V
18
Q
A major disturbance of intellectual social functioning in which there is a loss of contact with reality is called…
A
psychosis
19
Q
Both depressed and manic symptoms appear in the general classification of…
A
mood disorders
20
Q
Bipolar I Disorder refers to…
A
manic episodes with possible alternating depression
21
Q
Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first used to treat schizophrenia, it is now used primarily to treat…
A
severe depression
22
Q
Phenothiazines and neuroleptics were terms used to describe the early forms of…
A
antipsychotics
23
Q
The antipsychotic drugs that have been marketed in the past 10 years, such as Zyprexa (olanzepine), are referred to as…
A
atypical antipsychotics
24
Q
What is the mechanism of action for typical antipsychotics?
A
Block D2 dopamine receptors
25
One side effect common with the older antipsychotics, but less common with the newer ones, is...
pseudoparkinsonism
26
Many of the new atypical antipsychotics are known to cause...
significant weight gain and metabolic changes
27
A recent study of the long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs found that...
three-fourths of the patients stopped taking their medication within 18 months
28
People taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression must avoid...
foods high in tyramine, such as aged cheese
29
A patient presents with these symptoms: irrational beliefs, incoherent speech, and a severe lack of emotional response. He has had these symptoms for over 9 months and they interfere with his social function. He would most likely be diagnosed with ________ and treated with _________.
Schizophrenia
| Aripiprazole
30
Tricyclic antidepressants wok by...
inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
31
The CNS depressants include various prescription drugs referred to as...
sedative-hypnotics
32
Which of these is NOT one of the earliest sedative-hypnotics used in medicine?
Butyrate
33
What has kept paraldehyde from being widely used?
Bad taste and odor.
34
How are barbiturates usually classified?
Duration of action
35
Among the barbiturates, when prescribing a sleeping pill (hypnotic), physicians would usually choose a...
higher dose of a short-acting drug
36
Two drugs that were introduced as being safer than the barbiturates, but in the long run proved to be not much safer, were...
meprobamate and methaqualone
37
The major advantage of benzodiazepines over the barbiturates seems to be the...
greater safety margin
38
Librium (chlordiazepoxide) and Valium (diazepam) were the first widely sold...
benzodiazepines
39
The date rape drug Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)...
is sold as a hypnotic agent (sleeping pill) in many countries other than the U.S.
40
When benzodiazepines bind to their receptor site, they...
enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA.
41
Zolpidem (Ambien) is:
not a benzodiazepine chemically, but it has similar effects.
42
The four most widely sold benzodiazepines are all longer-acting drugs sold primarily as...
anxiolytics
43
Sedative-hypnotic agents bind to which receptors in the brain?
GABA
44
Animal self-administration experiments and studies of drug choice among humans indicate that...
short-acting barbiturates are most likely to lead to dependence than any of the benzodiazepines
45
Withdrawal from long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is characterized by:
Anxiety, impaired concentration, insomnia, convulsions.
46
The use of cocaine by members of the general public in Europe was initially in the form of...
drinks, such as coca wine
47
Dr. W. S. Halsted, the "father of American surgery," experimented with cocaine's ability to produce...
local anesthesia
48
Which famous physician studied cocaine as a treatment for morphine dependence and depression?
Sigmund Freud
49
The 1914 New York Times article, "Nero Cocaine 'Fiends' are a New Southern menace,"
erroneously said that cocaine increased homicidal tendencies and improved marksmanship
50
What did the 1914 Harrison Act do?
Taxed importation and sale of coca, cocaine, and opium.
51
Most illicit cocaine in the U.S. is powder cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride), which is...
too stable to be smoked
52
The passage of the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act...
came after over a thousand stories about cocaine had appeared in the national media
53
Although National Survey on Drug Use and Health data indicated greater prevalence of illicit drug use among white Americans, black Americans represented more than 80% of those arrested for...
violation of federal crack cocaine laws
54
In the text, discussion of media depictions of powder cocaine use in the early 20th century and crack cocaine use in the 1980's was used to illustrate that...
the U.S. media and drug policies may target people of color disproportionately.
55
Cocaine's effects in the brain...
results from blocking serotonin reuptake, dopamine reuptake, and norepinephrine reuptake.
56
The most common way cocaine is used recreationally is by...
insufflation (snorting)
57
What is cocaine used for medically?
It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries.
58
Cocaethylene...
is formed in the body when cocaine and alcohol are used together.
59
When laboratory animals are given unlimited opportunities to self-administer cocaine injection...
they will readily self-administer it
60
Cocaine used during pregnancy now appears to be associated with...
no consistent negative associations with physical growth, test scores, or language in children.
61
Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from...
plants
62
Most drugs have 3 different kinds of names. Which of them belongs to a specific manufacturer?
brand name
63
The group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants includes...
cocaine
64
Among the psychoactive drugs, alcohol can be classified as a...
depressant
65
Which of these is given its own classification category, due to its complex effects at different doses?
marijuana
66
Nonspecific effects of taking a drug are those that do not depend on its chemical activity. There are sometimes referred to as...
placebo effects
67
When neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating the effets of the drug knows which people are getting the experimental drug and which people are getting the placebo, this procedure is referred to as a...
double-blind procedure
68
The threshold on a dose-response curve is the...
lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of the drug
69
The text uses an example of overlapping dose-response curves for slowed reaction time, ataxia (staggering), and coma to illustrate...
that different drug-related effects can have different thresholds
70
The safety margin for a particular drug is based on the idea that...
toxic dosed will typically be larger than therapeutic doses.
71
With increasing doses of any useful drug, there is usually an increase in the number and severity of...
side effects
72
The potency of a drug is defined in terms of...
the amount requires to produce an effect
73
The story of the Michigan police officer who ate marijuana-laced brownies and then called 911, is a good illustration of which basic psychopharmacology fact?
Different routes of administration can produce markedly different drug effects.
74
The time course of a drug's action depends on...
how the drug is administered, how rapidly the drug is absorbed, and how the drug is eliminated from the body
75
Regardless of the route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue by way of the...
bloodstream
76
The process of maintaining our internal environment (temperature, water balance, etc.) within certain limits is called...
homeostasis
77
In addition to neurons, the brain contains an even larger number of another cell type known as...
glia
78
Gates ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then return to its normal resting level, during each...
action potential
79
Which of these is NOT one of the 4 important regions found in every neuron?
Glia
80
Cocaine selectively blocks Na+ (sodium) channels, which is the mechanism that leads to...
local anesthetic effects
81
____________ results from a loss of myelin wrappings.
Multiple sclerosis
82
Parasympathetic and sympathetic refer to the 2 branches of the...
autonomic nervous system
83
Parkinson's disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to...
dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway
84
The neurotransmitter at the end organ of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is...
norepinephrine
85
The __________ is an important link between the brain and the pituitary gland, and is involved in feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior.
hypothalamus
86
Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in the...
brainstem
87
Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
88
Weight control, aggression, impulsivity, and psychological depression have all been associated with...
serotonin pathways
89
Natural chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to those of morphine and other opium-derived drugs are called...
endorphins
90
The process in which enzymes within neurons convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called...
synthesis
91
In the early 1800's, ______ was the medical doctor's most reliable and effective medicine that was used for a variety of conditions, but mainly pain relief.
opium
92
One concern that led to the initial passage of federal drug-control legislation in 1906 was....
patent medicines
93
In the early 1900's in the U.S., fears about opium and cocaine were closely linked to...
minority racial groups
94
The 1906 U.S. law that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs was called the...
Pure Food and Drugs Act
95
The Harrison Act of 1914...
required pharmacists and physicians to register and pay a tax to dispense certain drugs
96
The Pure Food and Drugs Act and the Harrison Act were originally administered by the U.S. ...
Agriculture and Treasury Departments
97
When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was first passed, drugs were legally required to be...
pure and accurately labeled
98
Important changes to the regulation of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration occurred in 1938 and 1962, largely in response to..
the Elixir Sulfanilamide poisonings and birth defects from thalidomide
99
Before the FDA approves an IND for human testing of a new drug, ...
the drug has been tested in at least 2 species of nonhuman animals
100
Before a new drug is released to the market, the FDA requires...
3 phases of clinical testing, with each phase involving more people
101
In any given year, about _____ drug compounds are studied and about ____ will be approved by the FDA.
3,000
| 30
102
The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government's approach to controlled substances was...
alcohol prohibition (the 18th Amendment)
103
The Marijuana Tax Act was passed in...
1937
104
According to the text, which of the following most accurately describes the recent drug laws in Portugal?
Possession for personal use of all drugs is decriminalized.
105
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970...
established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department.
106
The U.S. government in the 1800's had few regulations on industry and in general too a "hands-off" approach to government that has been referred to by the term...
laissez-faire
107
The text lists 3 concerns that led to the adoption of the first U.S. laws regarding what we now call controlled substances. Which of the following was NOT one of those three?
High profits for drug sellers
108
When using a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents, this is called...
behavioral toxicity.
109
Acute drug effects are those that...
are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body
110
Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity?
High blood pressure from smoking.
111
The Drug Abuse Warning Network...
monitors drug-related medical emergencies
112
According to recent DAWN data, which of these substances is near the top of the emergency room visits list?
alcohol-in-combination
113
What is a Drug Recognition Expert?
A police officer trained to recognize drug-related behavioral impairments.
114
A 2010 analysis of drug-related deaths conducted by the CDC indicates that __________ is responsible for more than half of drug overdose deaths.
pharmaceutical drugs
115
In comparing the relative toxicity of marijuana and cocaine, it is important to take into account...
that many more people use marijuana than use cocaine.
116
DAWN data provides all of the following except...
clear measures of the toxicity of individual drugs
117
Since the 1990's, HIV transmission rates among intravenous drug users have been reduced from about 50% to about 10%. According to the text, which of these factors led to this decrease?
syringe exchange programs
118
When repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug results in a lesser effect, this is called...
tolerance
119
The occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome is evidence of...
physical dependence
120
The drugs with which people are most likely to develop psychological (behavioral) dependence are generally also found to have...
reinforcing effects in laboratory animals
121
Methamphetamine, crack cocaine, ecstasy, and glue sniffing were given as examples of media reports on...
the "drug du jour"
122
One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that...
drugs per se, are not good or bad
123
One of the general principles of psychoactive drugs is that "every drug has ____________."
multiple effects
124
One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that "the effect of any psychoactive drug depends on _______________."
the individual's history and expectations
125
The use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring is...
abuse
126
Drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved by the majority, causing members of a group to take corrective action when it occurs, is...
deviant drug use
127
A drug that is unlawful to possess or use is defined in the text as...
an illicit drug
128
Drugs have played a significant role in human society...
for thousands of years
129
In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for...
our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.
130
Much of our information about rates of drug use come from survey questionnaires. One important limitation of such questionnaires is...
people might not answer honestly
131
Despite the limitations of survey questionnaires, they can be especially informative...
if they are done year after year, because we can them look for changes over time
132
Among college students, fewer than 1/4 have ever tried...
hallucinogens
133
Based on 2 large surveys, it appears that the percentage of young people reporting current marijuana use...
is about half the percentage reporting current use in the late 1970's
134
When we examine changes over the years in the percentage of high school seniors who say they have smoked marijuana, we find a clear inverse (mirror-image) relationship to...
perceived risk of harm in using marijuana
135
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that current alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use...
hasn't changed much in the past 15 years
