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End of year exams, S2 > Computing > Flashcards

Computing Flashcards

To learn everything for the test (56 cards)

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1
Q

What are Graphics?

A

Visual representations or designs displayed on a computer or other device.

There are 3 main types: Bitmapped Graphics, Vector Graphics, and 3D Graphics.

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2
Q

How are Bitmapped Graphics stored?

A

They store the colour of every pixel on the page.

Think of a grid, where each square (pixel) has a specific colour recorded.

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3
Q

What are Pixels?

A

The individual, tiny dots that make up a bitmapped picture.

Zooming in closely reveals these individual dots.

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4
Q

What are typical uses of Bitmapped Graphics?

A

Photos taken with cameras (phones, tablets, digital cameras).

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5
Q

What software is used for Bitmapped Graphics?

A

Examples include Fireworks and Paint .Net.

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6
Q

What common operations can be performed on Bitmapped Graphics?

A
  • Changing brightness and contrast
  • Changing hue and saturation
  • Selecting areas
  • Cropping
  • Repairing damaged photos.
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7
Q

How are Vector Graphics stored?

A

They store the properties of each shape on the page, including information about the shape, its coordinates, line colour, line thickness, and fill colour.

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8
Q

What are typical uses of Vector Graphics?

A

Illustrations, logos, cartoons, and designs.

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9
Q

What software is used for creating Vector Graphics?

A

Inkscape.

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10
Q

What are key operations for Vector Graphics?

A
  • Scaling
  • Rotating
  • Flipping/Inverting
  • Changing line/fill colour
  • Changing line thickness
  • Changing layers.
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11
Q

What is a key difference between Bitmapped and Vector Graphics?

A

Bitmapped images store pixel data, while vector graphics store mathematical descriptions of shapes.

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12
Q

What are 3D Graphics?

A

Graphics that represent objects with length, breadth, and depth in a 3D space, described using X, Y, and Z axes.

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13
Q

What software is used for creating 3D models?

A

Sketchup.

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14
Q

What is HTML?

A

HyperText Markup Language, a special language web developers use to create webpages.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of HTML tags?

A

To mark different parts of a webpage, acting as containers for content.

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16
Q

What is the basic structure of an HTML page?

A
  • Document Declaration
  • HTML Element
  • Head Section
  • Body Section.
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17
Q

What does the <head> element in HTML contain?

A

Information about the webpage that isn’t directly displayed but is used by the browser or search engines.

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18
Q

What are common HTML elements within the <body> section?

A
  • Headings
  • Paragraphs
  • Line Breaks
  • Images.
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19
Q

What is the <a> tag used for in HTML?</a>

A

To create hyperlinks that connect one webpage to another.

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20
Q

What types of lists does HTML support?

A
  • Unordered Lists
  • Ordered Lists.
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21
Q

What is CSS?

A

Cascading Style Sheets, used to control the appearance, style, and layout of webpages.

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22
Q

What are the main parts of a CSS rule?

A
  • Selector
  • Declaration Block.
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23
Q

What are common CSS properties?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Background Colour
  • Text Colour
  • Font Family
  • Font Size
  • Text Alignment.
24
Q

What is Cybersecurity?

Study These Flashcards
A

The practice of protecting digital data, networks, and systems.

25
What is Digital Forensics?
A field of cybersecurity involving the analysis of computers and network traffic to detect cybercrimes.
26
What is the purpose of file extensions?
To identify the file type and which program opens it.
27
What is EXIF Data?
Stored alongside digital images, it includes camera settings, time, date, and often GPS location.
28
What is an MD5 hash?
A result of a calculation on a file's content, used to ensure file integrity.
29
What is Steganography?
The practice of hiding a secret message within something that is not secret.
30
What are Ciphers?
Methods used to encode data, making it unreadable without a key.
31
What is Reverse Google Image Search?
Uploading an image to a search engine to find where else that image appears online.
32
What is the purpose of embedding hidden text within an image file?
To conceal and deceive, acting as a form of covert communication ## Footnote This technique is often used in digital forensics.
33
What are ciphers?
Methods used to encode data, making it unreadable unless you know the specific key to decipher it ## Footnote This is a form of encryption used to secure data.
34
What is Reverse Google Image Search?
Uploading an image to a search engine to find where else that image appears online ## Footnote Helps forensic scientists find the origin of an image or associated information.
35
What does digital forensics involve?
Applying techniques to piece together what happened during a cyber incident
36
Define Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Computer systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence ## Footnote AI learns from data rather than being given exact instructions.
37
List some applications of AI.
* Online streaming recommendations * Customer service chatbots * Smart speakers * Generative AI applications * Identifying animals in videos * Forecasting air pollution
38
What is Machine Learning (ML)?
A subset of AI where computers learn from data instead of being programmed with specific rules
39
What is the difference between data-driven and rule-based approaches?
Data-driven approaches learn patterns from data, while rule-based approaches require specific instructions for every possible input and outcome
40
What are the three common approaches to machine learning?
* Supervised Learning * Unsupervised Learning * Reinforcement Learning
41
Describe Supervised Learning.
Requires lots of training data with known answers (labels) to teach the model to predict labels for new data
42
What is Unsupervised Learning used for?
Grouping data that is similar to spot patterns without known answers or labels
43
Explain Reinforcement Learning.
Involves an agent learning by trial and error, receiving rewards for desired actions and penalties for undesired ones
44
What impact does data have on machine learning models?
* Accuracy: More and higher quality data lead to better predictions * Bias: Biased training data results in inaccurate or unfair predictions
45
What is an algorithm?
A step-by-step list of instructions to solve a problem
46
What is the IPO model in programming?
* Input: The data given to the program * Process: The calculations or manipulations performed on the input * Output: The result displayed to the user
47
What is a variable in programming?
A named container in the computer's memory where data can be stored and changed
48
What are the naming rules for variables in Python?
* Must begin with a letter * Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores * Cannot contain spaces or symbols * Cannot start with a number * Cannot be Python commands
49
List the data types that Python can handle.
* Integer (int) * Float (float) * String (str)
50
How do you perform mathematical operations in Python?
* Addition: + * Subtraction: - * Multiplication: * * Division: / * Powers: pow() * Square Root: math.sqrt()
51
What are loops in programming?
Structures that allow you to execute a block of code multiple times
52
What is a for loop used for?
Repeating a sequence of code a specific number of times
53
What is a while loop?
Repeats a block of code as long as a certain condition is true
54
What are IF statements used for?
Making decisions in a program by checking if a condition is true
55
What are comparison operators?
* Greater than: > * Less than: < * Greater than or equal to: >= * Less than or equal to: <= * Equal to: == * Not equal to: !=
56
What is an IF-ELIF-ELSE statement?
Used when there are multiple possible outcomes based on different conditions

End of year exams, S2 (2 decks)

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