concept of place Flashcards

Question

what is nationalism?

Answer 1

- loyalty and devotion to a nation, which creates a sense of national consciousness

Answer 2

- many protests happen in city centres and capital cities, where there is maximum visibility and people can join e.g. In London from 2018 onwards there was a peaceful protest by climate activists in parliament square - people also choose to protest near significant landmarks / buildings, to be seen and heard

Answer 3

- these are factors that are internal to the place e.g. weather, location, the environment, socio-economic factors such as employment and amenities

Answer 4

1. location- refers to where a place is e.g. on the coast or inland, rural or urban. they can be characterised by the features that are present there e.g. a coastal place may be characterised as a port due to it's direct proximity of the sea 2. topography- refers to the shape of the landscape and places can be characterised directly by their topography e.g. in a valley, places would be characterised as flat, whereas a mountainous region would be characterised by steep slopes 3. physical geography- refers to the environmental features of a place e.g. altitude, soil and rock type - it also affects other factors that give places their character e.g. economic characteristics e.g. a place that is rich in natural resources such as iron or coal may be characterised by the industries that can exist there such as mining

Answer 5

1. land use- a place can be thought of as rural if the land use is farming, or urban if the land is used for commercial businesses - the built environment e.g. high-rise, high- density buildings are often required for businesses in city centres, whereas residential and leisure land uses often require a lower density built environment 2. built environment and infrastructure- town and city centres will have higher density buildings, may have tower blocks and are likely to have complex and dense networks or roads and rail tracks, whereas villages will have fewer, smaller buildings at a lower density and less complex infrastructure networks, with built features such as market squares or village halls 3. demographic and economic characteristics- many people retire to seaside locations, which means they can have higher proportions of older people so young people may feel like outsiders - places such as Kensington in London have a high proportion of above average earners and low unemployment and as such are characterised as wealthy

Answer 6

- these are factors that relate to connections to other places e.g. migration, the increases mobility of people between places, demographic factors such as population size and structure ( gender and age )

Answer 7

1. money and investment- trade deals, tax and major events e.g. sports competitions, new businesses or movement of business from an area 2. resources- availability of raw materials, products, food, water and energy e.g. due to good transportation networks, the UK is food secure as they can import food from other countries to make up for something like crop fails 3. people- impact of tourists, workers, migrants, refugees and visitors can help impact the character of a country

Answer 8

- demographic characteristics are to do with who lives in a place and what they’re like e.g. age, gender, education level, religion, ethnicity etc - the demographic characteristics of places can change due to the effects of changing external flows

Answer 9

- on a local scale younger people have been leaving the town of Uckfield in East Sussex as they are unable to afford to buy a house in the area, leaving an increasingly high proportion of older people - on a international scale, there are concerns that the large-scale migration from North Africa to Europe that started in 2015 altered the gender balance of some host towns, as a high proportion of migrations are male

Answer 10

- governments can invest money in specific places in order to attract people to live there e.g. in the UK, the London Dock lands Development Corporation was a group set up by the government in 1981 to redevelop the Docklands area of London - the schemes undertaken by the LLDC improved the economy and the built environment, which resulted in an increase in population in the area- between 1981 and the 21st century the population more than doubled

Answer 11

- ideas such as the use of birth control can flow to new places and affect their demographic characteristics e.g. by reducing the birth rate and affecting their population size - for example, many of the poorest countries in the world have the lowest usage of birth control and rapid population growth - international organisations such as UNFPA (United Nations population fund) have been set up to spread knowledge and ideas about birth control, as well as supplying resources to aid birth control such as condoms

Answer 12

- this is to do with how people live their lives e.g. the foods, customs, clothing, traditions, language, art etc that people have

Answer 13

- new people moving to a place, or even visiting it, bring their culture with them, which can can he the characteristics of the place - for example in the 20th century the UK experience mass international migration from India, Pakistan and other Commonwealth countries, thus cresting multi-ethnicity communities in many places, where is is a greater mix of languages spoken, religions practiced and foods eaten

Answer 14

- fast food companies from the USA such as KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut opened restaurants in China in the 1980’s and 1990’s and have grown rapidly since - is it though that eating habits have changed in China as a result, with increasing numbers of people favouring western-style fast food over traditional Chinese food

Answer 15

- these characteristics are to do with work, money e.g. income, employment rates and the types of jobs available

Answer 16

- St Ives in Cornwall used to be a fishing settlement, but is now a popular tourist destination - the flows of tourism (combined with decline in the fishing industry) have altered the types of jobs available in the area to service-based jobs in hospitality, shops and restaurants

Answer 17

- the outward flows of local products and natural resources from a place can have a large impact on local economies as products that may once have been consumed locally or regionally can now be sold to global markets e.g. the Scottish Whisky industry has grown to be one of the largest industries in Scotland due to international exports - this has brought employment and money to a wide range of places across Scotland, including remote island communities where many distilleries are located

Answer 18

- reduced investment and competition from global markets has led to the decline of some primary industries in the UK (deindustrialisation), which has damaged the economies of many places - e.g. thousands of jobs were lost in south wales when many coal mines were closed between the 1950’sand 1980’s - inwards flows of investment can have positive effects though, e.g. investment in the finance industries in the City of London has created many high value service sector jobs and made it a wealthy place

Answer 19

- these characteristics are to do with what’s people’s lives are like e.g. their overall quality of life, their access to adequate food supplies, healthcare, education, sanitation, leisure facilities etc.

Answer 20

- regional migration from rural to urban areas in poorer countries has changed social characteristics and levels of social inequality - for example, in India, large-scale rural to urban migration has resulted in slums developing in cities such as Mumbai - the migrants often have a very low quality of life, without access to electricity, sanitation or clean water- this contrasts with the high quality of life that wealthier residents in these cities have, and this gap is widening

Answer 21

- for example, large amounts of oil are extracted around Warri in Nigeria then exported round the world, but most of the wealth that is generated goes to a few individuals who have a high quality of life, while large numbers of people remain in poverty with a very low quality of life

Answer 22

- the process of gentrification (where wealthier people buy property in run-down areas and improve the housing) has improved the social characteristics of some places, but it can also increase inequality - for example, Notting Hill was once one of the most deprived areas in London, but now has much lower levels of deprivation - as the area has changed though, social inequality between the wealthy newcomers and existing poorer residents has increased

Answer 23

-connections between places in the past shape their character in the present, e.g. for centuries London and New York have been connected to each other and other major cities by sea trade routes, helping them to become more wealthy, attract more people, and be more closely linked to other cultures, therefore they gradually became world cities ( global centres of trade, politics, finance and culture often with huge, diverse populations) -new connections are made between places in the present which can affect their character, e.g. London and New York have made new connections which strengthen their character as world cities, as they are now more closely connected through industries such as finance and banking because of the internet and faster air travel

Answer 24

-the way in which places developed in the past also strongly affects their character in the present e.g. the past development of cities shows how their present-day character was created - -many settlements in the UK initially developed because of factors to do with their location ( endogenous factors ), e.g. Sheffield was originally located at the confluence of two rivers, near to coal and iron ore reserves which would have been important factors for the early development of industry -during the Industrial Revolution, large industrial cities developed that were globally connected through the trade of the goods produced, which resulted in large-scale rural to urban migration as people moved to the cities in search of work in the factories, and today, these old industrial centres remain as large cities, e.g. Sheffield became a major centre of the steel industry, trading Items such as cutlery all around the globe, and the work avallable attracted workers and made Sheffield a major population centre - in the later part of the 20th century, many UK cities were heavily affected by deindustrialisation ( the closure of factories due to increased automation, competition from abroad and the removal of manufacturing to developing countries where labour is cheaper ) and theselities remained as large population centres, but were less well connected globally due to the loss of trade, and suffered economic and social decline

Answer 25

-places that are far away geographically or somebody can have an emotional connection with a place far away

Answer 26

geographical- how far away the location is from you emotionally- having an attachment to a place that is far away e.g. somewhere your family lives and you've visited that has a significant meaning to you

Answer 27

- a place that is geographically and emotionally near to you ( e.g. the location is close or close to your heart )

Answer 28

geographically- means somewhere located near you e.g. your house emotionally- somewhere that is near and has a special meaning to you

Answer 29

- those places that a person has spent time in

Answer 30

- places that the person has only read about or seen on film

Answer 31

- this concerns the love of a place and having a strong attachment to it

Answer 32

- this is a fear or dislike of a place

Answer 33

- this is the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of the world due to the increased flow of people, goods, information and money - these increase in flows can be due to advancements in technology e.g. internet, planes (faster travel), social media etc

Answer 34

- this is when places feel closer in time as there are faster travel times around the world e.g. due to planes so therefore it is easier and faster to go between countries

Answer 35

- this is an emotional and subject attachment to different places around the world and how different aspects can shape that place e.g. fashion from different countries can be used in others or restaurants around the world that form a global chain

Answer 36

- this is the idea that globalisation has made places less important as the forces of global capitalism have eroded local cultures and produced identical places

Answer 37

- In 2012, the coffee chain Costa set about trying to open an outlet in the South Devon town of Totnes - withing the weeks of the proposal, 3/4's of the towns population had signed a petition saying that they supported the independent high street and would boycott any coffee shop chains that came to Totnes

Answer 38

- this is a town that is built with a high proposition of chain shops, so there is a loss of individual character of a place, or building the same architecture everywhere

Answer 39

- this is a focus on 'local place' and the promotion of local goods and services

Answer 40

- some places have introduced a local currency to encourage people to shop locally and keep their money in the local economy - Totnes in South Devon led the way in 2007, but shortly ended in 2019 - in 2012, the Bristol Pound was launched so any money spent in that local area was independent to their local economy and to encourage stronger community connections

Answer 41

- this relates to individual or collective perceptions of place

Answer 42

- the way in which place is viewed or regarded by people - this can be influenced by media representation or personal experience

Answer 43

- to belong mean to be apart of a community and feel comfortable in a place that can be influence by age, gender, sexuality, socio-economic ( employment ) status, religion, education etc.

Answer 44

- this is how a place is portrayed or 'seen in society'

Answer 45

- Belfast was developed into a centre of trade due to boat and ship manufacturing e.g. the Titanic Quarter is one of the largest brownfield redevelopment sites in Europe and included the Titanic studios and more then 100 companies - Victorian prison which contains structures and history, so attracts more tourists - Belfast City Hall, with spectacular architecture and interior ( included tourism guides ) - war ships that served in the First World War are open for tours to the public - Belfast castle constructed in the 19th century, that contains history but has been redeveloped to contain cafes and restaurants - local markets: fresh veg, fish and even arts and crafts which provide a sense of globalisation due to cuisines from around the world - Belfast held an international Arts festival which was established in 1962 and contains the very best international and home grown artists across theatre, dance, music, visual arts, literature etc. this provides a positive perception as it includes international aspects from all over the world

Answer 46

- peace walls were put into place to reduce religious violence - The Troubles represent another fight between religion and there was a high image of 'bombs, bullets and balaclavas' which dominated newspaper front pages in the late twentieth century - peace's walls and political parades are an important part of the history of Belfast but some argue that they reflect a city struggling to move beyond the disputes and arguments which have shaped it's past

Answer 47

- there are the people who impact on a place whether it's through living, working or trying to improve that place e.g. residents, community groups, councils, local governments and the media

Answer 48

- governments, both nationally and locally. might do this to attract people or investment to particular places - corporate bodies e.g. businesses, government-funded agencies might do this to generate profit or because they have been set up for a specific purpose e.g. VisitBritain is an agency set up to promote tourism to the UK - community or local groups might try to change the perception of their place to improve the local economy or the lives of local people e.g. local people business owners in Ludlow promote the town through organising a food festival every year- this associates Ludlow with good food and attracts visitors to the area

Answer 49

place marketing = how places are sold like products to consumers (i.e. the people who will potentially visit, move to the area or invest money there ) by e.g. marketing companies who may be employed to produce websites, design logos, run advertising campaigns and social media pages -reimaging = disassociating places from bad pre-existing images in order to change their negative perceptions -regeneration = a long term process involving redevelopment and the use of social, economic and environmental action to reverse urban decline and create sustainable communities -rebranding = giving a place a new identity that is appealing to people and investors, it is achieved through reimagining, place marketing, and regeneration schemes - many places create slogans and logos that are designed to be instantly recognisable and create positive associations e.g. Glasgow’s rebranding included the slogan ‘People Make Glasgow’ to highlight what makes a great place

Answer 50

- tourist agencies aim to 'sell' place to potential visitors and marketing positive perceptions of place makes this easier - In the UK, tourist organisations range from Visit Britain, the non-department public body funded by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, to the individuals responsible for promoting a specific tourist attraction - in 2012, the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority put vintage-inspired designs featuring nostalgic images of Pembrokeshire coast on show at Cardiff Airport, UK railway stations and across the London Underground in order to increase tourism to the area - the posters won numerous awards but they were also successful in attracting more people to the area - airlines and train companies also seek to manage perceptions of place but they do so in order to get people to use their travel services to visit these places e.g. artwork of Torquay in Devon emerged at the beginning of the 20th century as railway companies commissioned posters, sometimes by famous artists, to sell the delights of the British Coast and countryside and therefore boost the number of train passengers wanting to go there

Answer 51

- a place may market themselves to improve or create positive perceptions e.g. by advertising campaigns though social media e.g. the promotion of the first ever 'love Weston winter Wonderland', incorporating annual Christmas lights - this was done to increase the perception of Western-Super-Mare as a destination point for Christmas shopping, as in winter the seaside would be in it's off season, so the town needs another source of income

Answer 52

advantages- advertising often presents multiple dimensions of a place, meaning a lot of information is compiled into one source disadvantages- advertising may show a one-sided biased view, ignoring the negatives of an area

Answer 53

rebranding- is the way in which a place is redeveloped and marketed so that is gains a new identity, tourists and residents reimaging- disassociates a place from bad pre-existing images in relation to poor housing, social deprivation, high levels of crime, environmental pollution and industrial dereliction - in other words changes the existing negative perceptions on a place - it can attract new investment, retailing, tourists and residents regeneration- a long-term process involving redevelopment and the use of social, economic and environmental action to reverse urban decline and create sustainable communities

Answer 54

1) in the 1980s and 1990s some peoples image of Birmingham was that it was a place of high unemployment, abandoned factories and poor architecture - however, many places have been reimagined by turning old industrial areas into new developments e.g. Brindley place is a former industrial site that has been repurpose into a town centre mixed development that include shops, offices, residential areas, restaurants, bars, a gallery and a theatre 2) in the 1980's and 1990's deindustrialisation in Liverpool had caused economic downturn in the city and riots in 1981 dominated newspaper headlines - large scale regeneration began and the Tate Liverpool art gallery was one of a number of projects aimed at re-imaging the city's industrial heritage through culture - the Merseyside Development Corporation used the term 'There's life in the old docks yet' - as well as this the exterior of the warehouses of the Albert Docks remained untouched but the derelict interiors were transformed into modern art galleries

Answer 55

1) Llandudno is home to the well- known 'real Alice in Wonderland', that was rebranded in 2012 due to the closure of the town's Rabbit Hole Museum in 2009 - in 2012, to mark the 160th anniversary of the birth of Alice Liddell, Conwy County Council commissioned four large wooden sculptures of characters from the book - these larger-than-life structures were greeted with a mixed reception locally, being heralded as a 'great asset to the town' by some, while others suggested they were pointless and do not keep with the local character 2) in the late 20th century, Amsterdam's reputation as a major international cultural centre had been threatened by a number of factors such as: greater competition from other cities both withing and outside of the Netherlands, social and economic decline in some areas, a failed bid to host the Olympic games and more - so a number of rebranding strategies were adopted with the most successful being the 'I Amsterdam' slogan, seen to be clear, short, powerful and memorable - the sculpture is now the cities most photographed item (8000 times a day on sunny days) and the use of social media and phones has seen to spread the slogan all over the world, making Amsterdam become one of the most successful destination brands on social media 3) VisitBritain's 'Great Names for Great Britain' social media campaign invited Chinese people to invent Mandarin names for the key UK landmarks - Chinese visitors to Britain spend approximately £500 million a year and VisitBritain aims to 'double the value of that market and ensure this growth is spread across the nations and regions' - some examples of this is The Kelpies sculptures that was renamed 'Yong Heng Zhi Ji (wall of eternity)

Answer 56

rebranded- one of the best known transformations is the Mathew Street District that has been rebranded as the Cavern Quarter, representing 'The Beatles' - The Paradise Project was rebranded as the Liverpool One shopping centre in November 2005 - the development has 160 shops but also provides leisure e.g. 14-screen cinema and cafes, bars and restaurants - it has over 600 residential units, offices, public open spaces and transport improvement's reimaging- Large-scale regeneration began and the Tate Liverpool art gallery was one of a number of projects aimed at reimaging the city's industrial heritage through culture - the MDC also used the term 'there's life in the old docks yet'. to suggest regeneration can bring Liverpool back to life regeneration- stakeholders such as urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked with partnerships to refurbish many historic buildings as luxury, trendy apartments - an active residential community is now established in the area

Answer 57

- the Alice in wonderland experience was enhanced by a guided walk around the new sculptures and the establishment of 'Alice' apps which brings the story to life using reality and digital animation - all profits from tail-linked maps and apps sold are reinvested in community projects e.g.' the looking glass ice cream parlour', which has also provided jobs

Answer 58

- they provide us with past and present insights into a place - they give us visual representations of what places loom like and can give us some sense of the character of places - they can show us hidden meanings and shows the deconstruction of an image to consider untold stories of the image e.g. gender roles -we can also examine what is there but also what isn't there - we can interpret images beyond representation e.g. thinking about smells and their clothes or emotions - however, photographs only show what a place looks like in a given moment, photographs taken at different times of day can make a place look and feel different and can also be altered so places look different to the reality - as well as this, marketing images tend to focus on the natural beauty of places without disturbance from humans; the reality for many tourist places may be very different

Answer 59

- a tourist image of the Toshogu shrine in the UNESCO World Heritage site of Nikko in Japan - the shrine is set in a beautiful forest and is farmed for it's ornate architecture including woodcarvings and gold-leaf decoration - whereas, another photo shows the shrine in the middle of the day when visitor numbers are at their highest - the 'reality' of Nikko here contrasts with the representation of the shrine in the tourist image

Answer 60

qualitative- they cannot be quantified numerically and may be more descriptive or creative e.g. art, poetry and photography quantitative - they can be qualified numerically and statistical analyses can be performed on them e.g. representations based on data, such as tables of statistics, graphs and charts

Answer 61

- statistics, such as census data, can give you lots of quantitative information about what places are like e.g. populations, structure, average income, crime figures etc - they can be in the form of raw data, or visually represented through things like charts or graphs - statistics themselves are objective, but they can be used subjectively, e.g. people can select which data they use to show what they want to show and they do not tell you about the sense of place

Answer 62

- maps can be used to show any sort of data that has a location e.g. they can show where physical features are - they can also show qualitative information, such as maps of indexes that show levels of happiness- these may be more helpful than quantitative maps for information about sense of place - maps can show you reliable data, but they can also be misleading e.g. historical maps be inaccurate - however, maps can include hidden bias and influence such as Google Maps as they direct people towards businesses that have engineered their appearance on the first page of a Google search

Answer 63

- this describes a bottom-up process by which people produce their own maps, informed by their own local knowledge and understanding of places

Answer 64

- this is a method of measuring sense of place - it is the mapping of emotions shown by people to certain places through a device which records the wearer's Galvanic Skin Response - this is a simple indicator of emotional response in conjunction with a geographical location, therefore a map can be created which visualises points of high and low feelings

Answer 65

advantages- they are first-hand or direct reports of experience opinions and feelings - they can be structured or unstructured, with unstructured being more like an everyday conversation rather than having pre-set questions, and tend to be more informal, open-ended, flexible and free-flowing disadvantages-interviewer bias may affect the response of the interviewee by using leading questions - people may not be honest as they like to present themselves in a favourite light

Answer 66

- poets may refer to specific places in personal and responsive ways but they also enable the reader to sense and imagine what it is like to be in that place, however, usually they only offer the perspective of the author, so they do not show a complex picture - newspaper articles can give lots of detail about places but they may be biased e.g. newspapers may focus on the topics and ideas that are likely to sell more copies, rather than give a balances perspective on a place - stories as well as poetry can give an emotional impression of places, but only from the writers perspective - music can be associated with geographical areas and song lyrics can help to portray particualr places e.g. 'Empire State of Mind' received over 200,000 hits within just 2 days

Answer 67

- places are a vital backdrop to most dramas, we associate certain places with different types of stories, such as derelict houses in horror films etc. - however, TV shows and films also play a significant role in representing place and this can be both negative and positive - paintings or sculptures can be less reliable than films and photography at showing what a place looks like as they are the artist's interpretation - they can be more effective at conveying sense of place and character as there is more scope for individual interpretation and selection - sculptures can be another example of art and they primarily make a place distinctive and can be used in the regeneration of a place e.g. the Kelpies are the landmark feature of the Helix Environmental Regeneration Scheme on the Forth and Clyde Canal and are modelled on heavy horses and represent the industrial history of Scotland - the sculptures have been used to regenerate the area and also their national and international permeance has also served to develop a sense of pride and ownership in the local place

Answer 68

- it is traditionally associated with youth cultures claiming ownership of a place but the famous UK graffiti artist Banksy argues that the importance oof graffiti is also to give a voice to people who aren't normally heard in the mainstream

Answer 69

place representation- the diverse ways in which places are portrayed in different kinds of media, texts, ranging from films to personal photographs and diaries text- any culturally-produced representation of something which is considered to contain meaning, the word can refer to a range of qualitative data sources that include- TV, films, music, art etc. formal and informal texts- formal texts are produced by political, social and cultural agencies (local governments and tourist boards), along with large businesses - informal texts are produced by individuals or small groups of people working outside of form sector institutions

Answer 70

literary text- wide variety of types including books, poetry and novels - written texts of this sort have in recent years become very important in understanding the lived experience of place travel writing and diaries- classic to contemporary written information and is possible to find out historical change in a number of dimensions including race, power and gender identity - the texts can come from online sources as well musical texts- can reveal information about economy, society, politics as well as culture - there has been recent studies on 'sound politics' which is the analysis of music and lyrics to explore issues of segregation, exclusion, identity and struggle visual texts- geographers can use textual methods to help read TV shows, films, adverts as well as paintings maps and landscapes as texts- textual analysis of maps has great potential in terms of cartography - 'deconstructing' maps is an attempt to look for alternative meaning in maps

Answer 71

- a process of social and economic change where middle-class people move into a formerly rundown area and improve the housing quality causing house prices to rise and often resulting in the original population to be priced out

Answer 72

- the value of land can be seen to rise due to greater prices-per-acre of residential land, resulting in major profits for landowners and housing developers within the area as more investment is created - local business will highly benefit as richer people are migrating into the area and investing into their businesses increasing the quality, therefore Spitalfields’s economic characteristics are being impacted greatly by this change

Answer 73

- many local/original residents are priced out and forced to migrate to the outskirts of London where rent and house prices are lower - tension can rise between the original population and newcomers - social inequality

concept of place Flashcards

(97 cards)