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Year 1 Medicine > Conception > Flashcards

Conception Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is the tissue attenuation coefficient?

A

The absorption ability of a tissue

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2
Q

What scale is used to calibrate the grey scale on a CT scanner?

A

The Hounsfield unit scale

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3
Q

Positives about CT scanning

A

Quick
Lots of info
Multiple regions
Can guide procedures

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4
Q

Positives about X- ray scanning

A

Low radiation
Quick
Cheap
Accessible

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5
Q

Positives about fluoroscopy

A

Multiple images
Can see function
Therapeutic procedures

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6
Q

Positives about ultrasound

A 
No radiation
Can see BF
Quick
Accessible
Guides procedures
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7
Q

Positives about MRI scanning

A

Multiple image planes
No radiation
Lots of soft tissue info

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8
Q

Negatives about CT scanning

A

Lots of radiation

P needs to be still

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9
Q

Negatives about X-ray scanning

A

Some radiation
2D
Hard to interpret

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10
Q

Negatives about fluoroscopy

A

Radiation
Specialised
2D
Needs contrast

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11
Q

Negatives about ultrasound scanning

A

Specialised
Not for all tissues
Not recorded

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12
Q

Negatives about MRI scanning

A

Specialised

Limited availability

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13
Q

Which scanning techniques produce 3D images?

A

CT

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14
Q

Difference between fluoroscopy and X-ray?

A

Fluoroscopy is a video X-ray and requires contrast

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15
Q

What is T1 and T2 in MRI scans?

A

Flip and spin - T1 is fat and T2 is water

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16
Q

What are MRI scans used to image?

A

Soft tissue - muscle, nerves, organs

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17
Q

How does nuclear medicine work?

A

Radioactive tracer goes to metabolically active areas and emits gamma rays (cancer staging)

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18
Q

What is the outside of the Zygote called?

A

Zona Pellucida

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19
Q

What is a zygote called when it has divided many times?

A

Morula

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20
Q

What are the three types of differentiated cells in a blastocyst?

A

Trophoblasts, embryoblasts (epiblasts) and hypoblasts

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21
Q

What process forms the trilaminar disk?

A

Gastrulation

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22
Q

What starts the formation of the middle layer of the trilaminar disk?

A

The primitive streak

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23
Q

What are the three germ layers called?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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24
Q

What does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

Nervous system and skin

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25
What does the mesoderm go on to form?
Connective tissue, bone, muscle, urogenital, pleura and peritoneum
26
What does the endoderm go on to form?
Lining of internal organs - GI and airways
27
What are the three precursors to the uro-genital system in an embryo?
Pronephros Mesonephros Metanephros
28
What does the pronephros give rise to?
Replaced by mesonephros
29
What does the mesonephros give rise to?
Gonad and adrenal glands
30
What does the metanephros give rise to?
Kidneys
31
What ducts form the internal reproductive organs in males and females?
Females - paramesonephric (mullerian) | Males - mesonephric (Wolffian)
32
What do to primordial germ cells give rise to in both males and females?
Males - spermatogonia | Females - primordial follicle then oogonia then oocytes
33
What do steroidogenic and supporting cells give rise to in males?
Steroidogenic - leydig | Supporting - sertoli
34
What do steroidogenic and supporting cells give rise to in females?
Steroidogenic - theca | Supporting - granulosa
35
What three factors determine sex differentiation?
SRY, TDF and MID
36
How is the vagina formed from the paramesonephric ducts?
They fuse
37
What do the gonadal cords become?
The seminiferous cords
38
What do supporting cells come from in males?
Coelomic epithelial cells
39
How do the testes get into the scrotum?
The gubernaculum pulls them from the intra-abdominal site
40
What do the gonadal cords become?
Seminiferous cords
41
What are the 4 main initial steps of male development?
1. Mesenchymal cells turn into the interstitial cells of leydig cells 2. Testosterone and androstendione production 3. Somatic support cells turn into pre-sertoli cells 4. Anti-mullarian hormone makes mullerian ducts degenerate
42
What does testosterone control the formation of?
``` Penis Scrotum Prostate Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal vesicles Brain differentiation ```
43
What are the first 5 steps of female differentiation?
1. Wolffian ducts degenerate and the mullerian ducts form 2. External genitalia form - clitoris and labia 3. Supporting cells turn into granulosa cells 4. Steroidogenic cells turn into theca cells 5. Germ cells begin 1st stage of meiosis
44
What do the mullerian ducts form?
Oviducts Uterus Cervix Upper vagina
45
What hormone is measured in a pregnancy test?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
46
What is the mesovarium?
Part of the broad ligament that suspends the ovaries
47
What is the mesosalpinx?
A ligament which attaches the uterine tube to the broad ligament
48
What is the ligament of the ovary?
Attaches the ovary to the uterus
49
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
The highest part of the broad ligament
50
What does the round ligament do?
Pulls the uterus forward and attaches to the perineum
51
What are the functions of the pelvis? (5)
1. Weight bearing 2. Weight transfer (walking) 3. Muscle attachment 4. Contains pelvic viscera and inf abdominal viscera 5. Supports abdominopelvic viscera
52
What is the pelvic floor between?
The pelvic cavity and the perineum
53
What are the features of the male pelvis? (3)
1. Narrow and shallow pelvic cavity 2. Small angle of public arch 3. Narrow inf pelvic aperture (Opposite for female)
54
What is the process of ejaculation? (7 steps)
1. Made in testes 2. Stored in epididymis 3. Travels via ductus deferens 4. Mixes with semen from seminal glands 5. Prostate fluid added from prostate 6. Alkaline mucus added from bulbo-urethral gland 7. Out of urethra
55
What does 'some damn Englishman called it the testes' stand for?
``` Skin Dartos fascia External spermatic fascia Cremaster Internal spermatic fascia Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea ```
56
What is autocrine?
Cell targets itself
57
What is paracrine?
Cell targets neighbor
58
What is endocrine?
Cell targets distant cell through blood
59
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
Contents duplicated
60
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?
Chromosomes duplicated
61
What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
Chromosomes are checked and repairs are made
62
What is checked at the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
Cell size Nutrients Growth factors DNA damage
63
What is checked at the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
Cell size | DNA replication
64
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
Steroid Peptide Amino acid derived
65
What is negative feedback?
High level of hormone inhibits more being released
66
What is positive feedback?
High level of hormone causes more to be released
67
Describe the hypothalamo-pituitart axis
Hypothalamus Ant pituitary gland 3rd endocrine gland Target endocrine hormone
68
What happens to GnRH in the follicular phase of the menstral cycle?
It steadily increases
69
What happens to FSH in the follicular phase of the menstral cycle?
Starts to increase then steadily decreases until 14 days where there is a small spike
70
What happens to LH in the follicular phase of the menstral cycle?
Stays the same until 14 days where there is a big spike (ovulation)

Year 1 Medicine (1 decks)

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