Conception and Fetal Development

Question 1

presumptive sign of pregnancy

Answer 1

can presume it may be due to pregnancy
-is subjective

Question 2

probable sign of pregnancy

Answer 2

probably due to pregnancy but can be due to something else
-is objective

Question 3

positive sign of pregnancy

Answer 3

diagnostic of pregnancy, can be due to nothing else other than a viable pregnancy

Question 4

Chadwicks sign

Answer 4

bluish purple discoloration of vagina and cervix

Question 5

chloasma

Answer 5

hyperpigmentation in the face (mask of pregnancy)

Question 6

amenorrhea

Answer 6

absence of menstrual period

Question 7

goodells sign

Answer 7

softening of cervix

Question 8

quickening

Answer 8

fluttering, when you are first aware you are feeling something
usually at 20 weeks

Question 9

ballottement

Answer 9

passive fetal movement caused by pushing up against cervix
practitioner feels rebound

Question 10

heagars sign

Answer 10

softening of lower uterine segment

Question 11

uterine souffle

Answer 11

hearing blood go through uterine vessels (alignment with moms HR)

Question 12

funic souffle

Answer 12

hearing blood rushing through umbilical vein (alignment with baby HR)

Question 13

presumptive signs of pregnancy

Answer 13

nausea
amenorrhea
urinary frequency
quickening
breast tenderness

Question 14

probable signs of pregnancy

Answer 14

chadwicks sign
chloasma
goodells sign
+ pregnancy test
uterine souffle
uterine enlargement
abdominal striae

Question 15

positive signs of pregnancy

Answer 15

fetal heartbeat
ultrasound visualization
palpable fetal movement
funic souffle

Question 16

whartons jelly

Answer 16

protective substance in the umbilical cord, provides cushion around the umbilical vessels

Question 17

umbilical vein

Answer 17

carries the oxygenated blood to the fetus

Question 18

HCG

Answer 18

hormone that is the basis for pregnancy tests

Question 19

Amniotic fluid

Answer 19

Protects the fetus from trauma

Question 20

cardiovascular system

Answer 20

First embryonic system to function in baby

Question 21

ductus venosus

Answer 21

shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava (bypassing fetal liver)

Question 22

ductus arteriosus

Answer 22

Shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (bypassing fetal lungs)

Question 23

Foramen ovale

Answer 23

Shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium (bypassing the fetal lungs)

Question 24

Pulmonary surfactant

Answer 24

substances produced by the fetus that reduce surface tension in the lungs to maintain the alveolar sacs open

Question 25

meconium

Answer 25

end products of fetal metabolism

Question 26

Pregnancy hormones

Answer 26

HCG Progesterone Estrogen HPL

Question 27

what is HCG produced by?

Answer 27

the zygote (cluster of cells)

Question 28

HCG effects on pregnancy

Answer 28

keeps the corpus luteum alive doubles every 48 hrs *higher in doubles (twins), increased nasuea with doubles (twins)

Question 29

what is progesterone produced by?

Answer 29

corpus luteum till 12 weeks, then produced by the placenta

Question 30

progesterone effects on pregnancy

Answer 30

maintains endometirum smooth muscle relaxant (uterus) "the hormone of pregnancy" - needed for successful pregnancy "hot hormone" of menstrual cycle causes pyrosis constipation

Question 31

what is estrogen produced by?

Answer 31

corpus luteum until 12 weeks, then produced by the placenta

Question 32

estrogen effects on pregnancy

Answer 32

stimulates growth increases vascularity and perfusion "cold hormone" in menstrual cycle goodells sign breast tenderness change in taste/smell bleeding gums nose bleeds, nasal stuffiness

Question 33

what is HPL (human placental lactogen) produced by?

Answer 33

zygote till 12 weeks, then produced by the placenta

Question 34

HPL effects on pregnancy

Answer 34

lactation increased metabolism, glucose metabolism insulin antagonist can cause gestational diabetes

Question 35

umbilical cord

Answer 35

3 vessels A- artery; carry waste from fetus to placenta V- vein; oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus A- artery; carry waste from fetus to placenta

Question 36

fetal circulation

Answer 36

higher pressure from right to left

Question 37

neonate circulation

Answer 37

higher from left to right

Question 38

fetal circulation

Answer 38

placenta - umbilical vein - ductus venosus (bypass fetal liver) - inferior vena cava - right atrium SPLIT right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - ductus arteriosus (bypass fetal lungs) - aorta - body right atrium- foramen ovale (bypass fetal lungs) - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body

Question 39

zygote

Answer 39

single cell with 23 chromosomes from both mother and father 46 total chromosomes

Question 40

oligiohydramnios

Answer 40

too little amniotic fluid less than 400 mL

Question 41

hydramnios/ polyhydramnios

Answer 41

too much amniotic fluid greater than 2000 mL