conception and pregnancy 11-12Q Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What are some male fertility issues?
A
- low sperm count / irregularities / poor motility
- chronic conditions- diabetes, SCI, etc..
- STIs and other infections
- trauma to testes
- autoimmune response- antibodies that affect sperm
- hormones (pituitary imbalances and/or thyroid problems)
- toxins, tabacco, drugs, alcohol
- increased temperature
- hernia repair
- undescended testes
- mumps after puberty
2
Q
What are female fertility issues?
A
- irregular ovulation
- obstruction or malformation of the reproductive tract (STI, etc)
- endometriosis
- toxins, tobacco, drugs, alcohol
- chronic conditions- diabetes, SCI, etc..
- hormones (pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid issues)
- infections
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
- body weight, eating disorders, excessive exercise
- abnormal PAP smears
- multiple pregnancy losses
- age
3
Q
What are the 4 stages of menstruation?
A
- proliferation
- ovulatory
- secretory (luteal)
- menstrual
4
Q
When does the menstrual cycle end?
A
with the period
5
Q
When does the proliferation phase begin?
A
with end of period
6
Q
How long does the proliferation phase last?
A
9-10 days
7
Q
What develops during the proliferation phase?
A
the endometrium (this is called proliferation)
8
Q
What is another name for the proliferation phase? Why?
A
follicular phase bc ovarian follicles mature
9
Q
What hormone levels rise in proliferation phase?
A
estrogen
10
Q
What develops during the proliferation phase?
A
the ovum
11
Q
What do the ovaries prepare for in the proliferation phase?
A
ovulation
12
Q
What happens do the graafin follicle in the ovulatory phase?
A
it ruptures and releases a mature ovum
13
Q
What happens to the ripening follicle that is not the graafin follicle during the ovulatory phase?
A
it degenerates and is reabsorbed
14
Q
How are fraternal twins created?
A
when 2 ovum are released in the ovulatory phase
15
Q
When- during the ovulatory phase- is ovulation set in motion?
A
when estrogen levels reach critical levels
16
Q
What happens to the basal body temperature at ovulation? On the day following?
A
dips slightly
rises by 0.5 C
17
Q
How long is the secretory (luteal) phase?
A
~15 days
18
Q
What does the graafin follicle become during the secretory (luteal) phase?
A
the corpus luteum
19
Q
When do estrogen and progesterone levels peak? What does this cause?
A
around the 20/21 day
causes the glands in the endometrium to secrete nutrients that would sustain a fertilized ovum
20
Q
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization did not occur?
A
it decomposes and hormone levels fall
21
Q
What happens to endometrium during the secretory (luteal) phase?
A
secretion and blood supply increase due to the follicle’s manufacture of progesterone
22
Q
how long does the menstrual phase last?
A
~ 5 days
23
Q
what happens in the menstrual phase?
A
uterine lining (endometrium) is sloughed off into flow, caused by drop in estrogen and progesterone levels
24
Q
What happens during the first 1-6 days of the fertility cycle?
A
menstruation
25
Is it safe to have sex during the first 1-6 days of the fertility cycle?
relatively
26
Is it safe to have sex during the days 7-9 of the fertility cycle?
may remain viable until ovulation
27
Is it safe to have sex during the day 9 of the fertility cycle?
last relatively safe day
28
Is it safe to have sex during the days 10-13 of the fertility cycle?
no
29
Is it safe to have sex during the day 14 of the fertility cycle?
no this is ovulation day
30
Is it safe to have sex during the days 15-16 of the fertility cycle?
no
31
Is it safe to have sex during the days 17-18 of the fertility cycle?
ovum may remain viable
32
Is it safe to have sex during the day 18 of the fertility cycle?
first safe day before next menstrual period
33
Is it safe to have sex during the days 19-28 of the fertility cycle?
relatively safe
34
What is cervical mucous like days before ovulation?
clear, slippery and stretchy
35
What hormone do pregnancy tests detect?
Human chorionic gonadotrophin
36
When can hCG be detected in the urine?
~3 weeks into pregnancy
37
When can a blood test detect hCG?
as early as the 8th day
38
How many days does pregnancy last?
280 days, calculated from first day of last period
39
What is the normal gestation length?
266 days or 38 weeks
40
How is the expected due date calculated?
from the date of fertilization which is 2 weeks after beginning of last period
41
Fill in the blanks: babies are usually born ~ ___ days before or ____ due date
babies are usually born ~10 days before or after due date
42
What is the germinal stage of prenatal development?
conception to implantation
43
How long does it take the zygote to reach the uterus?
3-4 days
44
How long does it take the zygote to implant once it reaches the uterus?
3-4 days
45
What is a blastocyst?
a fluid filled ball of cells
46
When is the embryonic stage?
implantation to 8th week
47
What happens in the embryonic stage?
major organ systems being to differentiate
48
When is the fetal stage?
9th week to birth
49
What happens by the 8th or 9th week of pregnancy?
The baby starts to respond to the outside world
50
When is the first trimester?
conception to 12 weeks
51
What is forming during the first trimester?
brain, heart, lungs, eyes, ears, arms and legs
52
What happens if the mom ingests harmful substances during the first trimester?
can affect normal growth and development
53
When does the heart start beating?
Day 21
54
When is the second trimester?
13 weeks to 28 weeks
55
What is the first period of the second trimester?
week 12 to 16
56
What happens in the first period of the second trimester?
period of rapid growth for the fetus (18 cm or 3 inches)
57
What is beginning to show in the first period of the second trimester?
sexual differentiation
58
What is developing very rapidly during the first period of the second trimester?
the brain!!!
59
When are the fingers, toes and nails formed?
during the first period of the second trimester
60
When are the eyes almost fully developed but lids are still fused? Why are they fused?
during the first period of the second trimester
| to protect the nerve fibers
61
when can you hear the heart beat of the doppler?
during the first period of the second trimester?
62
When is the second period of the second trimester?
16 weeks
63
When can the fetus start to feel pain and sucking its thumb?
during the second period of the second trimester
64
When does the fetus start to make crying motions?
during the second period of the second trimester
65
when does the fetus have a strong heart beat?
during the second period of the second trimester?
66
How long is the fetus and how much does it weigh in the second period of the second trimester?
height: 15 cm (6.5 inches)
weight: 100 g (4 oz)
67
What are 3 things that happen during the second period of the second trimester?
1. moves about
2. swallows amniotic fluid
3. has periods of sleep and wakefulness
68
When is the third period of the second trimester?
24 weeks
69
How big is the fetus during the 24th week?
height: 28-35 cm (11-14 inches)
weight: 500 grams
70
Describe the skin and eyelids in the 24th week?
skin is wrinkled and red
| eyelids are separated
71
What starts to occur in the 24th week?
Can feel baby kicking
72
Will the baby survive if born at 24 weeks?
Maybe
73
What is the vernix? What week do are notes say the baby has it?
a heavy protective creamy coating
| 24 weeks
74
What is the fourth period of the second trimester?
28 weeks
75
How big is the fetus in the 28th week?
height: 38 cm (15 inches)
weight: 1100 grams (2.5 lbs)
76
Describe the skin during the 28th week?
very wrinkled not fat yet
77
Describe the lungs during the 28th week?
not fully grown but do make breathing movements
78
Describe the organs and bones during the 28th week?
organs are beginning to mature
| bones are fully grown but still soft
79
Describe the eyelids during the 28th week?
finally opened
80
What is the survival if born during the 28th week?
better
81
How does the mom feel during the 28th week?
less nausea and fatigue
increased energy
increased well being
82
Why is there less pressure on the bladder in the 28th week?
The uterus lifts out of the pelvis
83
When does the mask of pregnancy occur?
12 weeks
84
When do the breasts get darker?
12 weeks
85
When does the linea nigra pigmentation occur?
12 weeks
86
Describe the vaginal discharge during pregnancy?
increased
87
Describe the breast fluid at 16+ weeks?
clear, yellow colostrum
88
When is the third trimester?
29 weeks to birth
89
What organs grow last?
lungs
90
During the third trimester what grows the most?
the baby's weight
91
Fill in the blanks: in the _____ trimester, major organs are _____ and _____, minerals and fatty acids are being stored
in the third trimester, major organs are developed and vitamins, minerals and fatty acids are being stored
92
Describe the skin during the third trimester?
less wrinkled and red
93
what position does the fetus move to during the third trimester?
birthing
94
How much can the fetus gain a week during the last month of pregnancy?
1/2 a pound
95
Describe the S&S the mom may have during the 34th week?
awkwardness, depression, heart burn, hemorrhoids, pelvic pain, difficulty sleeping, stuffy nose
96
Describe the S&S the mom may have during the 37th week?
pressure on bladder, increased pelvic pain, lightening (baby descends into pelvis)
97
What do they check in the first prenatal visit?
- hx
- physical
- blood work
- lab work
98
What do they check in other prenatal visits?
- weight
- BP
- growth of uterus
- baby's heart beat
- baby's position
- urine (glucose and protein)
- education
99
What is the routine prenatal test at 11-16 weeks gestation?
genetic screening
100
What is the routine prenatal test at 18 weeks gestation?
ultrasound
101
What is the routine prenatal test at 24-28 weeks gestation?
repeat blood tests, diabetes screen
102
What is the routine prenatal test at 28-30 weeks gestation?
Rh immune globulin to Rh negative women
103
What is the routine prenatal test at 36 weeks gestation?
group b strep
104
What is the routine prenatal test at 41 weeks gestation?
non stress test and biophysical test
105
Genetic screening: when is the maternal serum screen?
16-20 weeks
106
What does the maternal serum screen screen for?
neural tube defects and down syndrome/other major chromosomal disorders
107
Genetic screening: when is the chronic villous sampling?
11-13 weeks
108
Genetic screening: when is the amniocentesis
15-20 weeks
109
What does good nutrition of the mom decrease the risk of?
- difficult labor and delivery
- low birthweight
- infant mortality
- physical and mental disabilities
110
What does folic acid do?
promotes development of brain stem, spinal cord and RBC
| promotes development of baby's nervous system
111
When is the need for folic acid the greatest?
First month of pregnancy
112
What is the recommended amount of folic acid for regular moms? At risk?
Regular moms: 0.4-1.0 mg
| At risk: 4-5 mg
113
What are some sources of folic acid?
dark green leafy veggies, whole grain breads/cereals, oranges, cantaloupe, avocado, sweet potatoes, nuts, dried beans and peas
114
What does an iron deficiency cause?
fatigue and cardiovascular affects
115
What is the recommended daily dose of iron?
27 mg a day
116
What should you take your iron with?
Foods high in Vitamin C
117
What inhibits the absorption of iron?
caffeine
118
What should you not take your iron with?
calcium
119
What is the function of iron?
builds baby's and mom's RBC and iron stores to prevent anemia
120
Sources of iron?
dried fruit, meat, dried beans, green leafy veggies, bread, cereal, egg yolk
121
What is calcium important for?
the development of bones and proper muscle function
122
What is the recommended daily intake of calcium?
1000-1300 mg a day
123
What is the function of calcium?
strengths baby's and mom's teeth and bones
124
What are some sources of calcium?
milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, sardines, salmon, tofu, oysters, scallops, broccoli
125
What does vitamin D increase the absorption of?
calcium
126
What is vitamin D required for?
both bone development and maintaining bone strength in the mother
127
What is the recommended daily dose of vitamin D?
400 IU
128
What is the function of vitamin D?
increased calcium absorption and is essential for the body to use calcium
129
What are some sources of vitamin D?
milk, fortified soy milk, direct sunlight, margarine, egg yolks
130
What are essential fatty acids needed for?
proper fetal and visual development
| maintenance of pregnancy
131
What are sources of dietary fatty acids?
fish, canola oil, flax oil, nuts and seeds
132
What are the 3 main functions of water?
1. carries nutrients to the cells
2. carries wastes products away
3. keeps you cool
133
What is the recommended amount of water?
48-64 ounces straight or as other fluids
134
What is the .max daily amount of caffeine?
300 mg a day
135
Why worry about caffeine levels?
1. some appears in breast milk
2. crosses placenta
3. may stimulate body or fetus
136
What does an increased consumption of caffeine put the fetus/baby at risk for?
premature delivery
137
What artificial sweeteners are safe in moderation?
aspartame (nutrasweet, equal)
sucralose (splenda)
acesulfame potassium (sunett)
138
What artificial sweeteners are not safe?
saccharin
| cyclamine
139
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How many extra calories should the mom eat?
First trimester:
Second trimester:
Third trimester:
Breast feeding:
```
First trimester: 0-100
Second trimester: 340
Third trimester: 450
Breast feeding: 500
140
What level of alcohol is safe for a pregnant women to consume?
NONE
141
What does alcohol consumption cause?
impacts physical and brain growth
142
What does regular drinking cause?
increased miscarriage risk
143
What 2 things can drinking cause in the child?
1. FASD
| 2. low birth weight
144
What does smoking cause in the fetus/pregnancy?
1. premature rupture of membranes
2. placenta previa
3. placenta rupture
4. preterm birth
5. birth complications
6. hemorrhage
145
What does smoking cause in infants?
1. SIDS
2. respiratory problems
3. ear infection
4. hospitalization
146
What are the signs of labor?
1. lightening or engagement: relieving pressure
2. effacement: ripening of cervix
3. dilation: opening of cervix
4. bloody show: loss of mucos plug
5. nesting: spurt of energy
6. rupture of membranes: water breaks
7. contractions: labor pains begin
147
What are the 3 pharmacological pain control methods used in labor?
1. nitrous oxide
2. narcotics
3. epidural
148
What are the 3 parts the first stage of labor?
1. latent
2. active
3. transition
149
What is the width of the cervix in the latent stage of labor? the transition stage?
0-3 cm
8-10 cm
150
What happens in the second stage of labor?
pushing, descent of baby, episiotomy and birth of baby
151
What is an episiotomy?
usually performed when the baby's shoulders are too wide to emerge without tearing or if the baby is in distress
152
What are the rates of episiotomy? What did they used to be?
they went from 1/2 of all births to 1/3
153
What happens in the third stage of labor?
- placenta is expelled
- uterus begins to contact
- 5-60 mins
154
What are the pros of breastfeeding?
provides optimal nutrition, immunological and emotional benefits for child's growth and development
155
How common was breastfeeding in 2001?
81.5%
156
How common was breastfeeding in 2005?
87%
