A&P, response, issues, embryo development 8-9Q Flashcards
1
Q
Review diagrams!!
A
Do it
2
Q
Review diagrams!!
A
Do it
3
Q
The ovum contains which chromosomes?
A
X
4
Q
The sperm contains which chromosomes?
A
Y or X
5
Q
What does the fetus have at 5-6 weeks?
A
primitive glands, ducts and external genitals
6
Q
What does the fetus have at 7 weeks?
A
beings to differentiate into sex
7
Q
What gender is the basic blue print of all embryos?
A
female
8
Q
What is the main androgen?
A
testosterone
9
Q
Where are androgens produced?
A
in the testicles
10
Q
What do androgens influence?
A
male development
11
Q
what does a lack of androgens cause?
A
female development
12
Q
Where to the testicles begin?
A
high in abdomen
13
Q
Where to the ovaries begin?
A
high in abdomen
14
Q
Where do the testicles descend?
A
scrotal sac
15
Q
where do the ovaries descend?
A
into the pelvis
16
Q
what happens in the testicles don’t descend?
A
- may correct early in life
- moved surgically
- risk of cancer or sterility
17
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the glans of the clit
A
glans of the penis
18
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the shaft of clit
A
shaft of penis
19
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the hood of clit
A
foreskin
20
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the labia majora
A
scrotal sac
21
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the labia minora
A
underside of penile shaft
22
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the skene’s glands
A
prostate glands
23
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the bartholin’s glands
A
cowpers glands
24
Q
What male organ is equivalent to the ovaries?
A
testes
25
Describe the mons veneris
fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clit
26
Describe the labia majora
large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva
27
What is the function of the labia majora?
amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation, also shield inner portion of female genitals
28
What is the function of the mons veneris?
cushions a women's body during intercourse
29
Describe the labia minora?
2 hairless, light colored membranes located between major lips, surround urethral and vaginal opening, at the top they form the prepuce (hood) of the clit
30
What is the function of the labia minora?
rich in blood vessels and nerve ending, highly sensitive
| when stimulated they darken and swell
31
Describe the clit?
female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethra opening
32
What is the function of the clit?
no function other than SEXUAL
33
Describe the precupe of the clit?
hood covering clitoral shaft
34
What is another name for the vaginal opening?
introitus
35
Describe the hymen?
fold of tissue across vaginal opening- usually present at birth and remains partially intact until intercourse
36
Describe the pubo coccygeus muscle?
muscles that encircle entrance to vagina
| kegels!
37
How long is the vagina at rest?
3-5 inches
38
Where does the period flow and babies go?
from uterus to outer world via vagina
39
Where is the cervix?
lower end of uterus
40
What does the cervix produce?
secretions that contribute to chemical balances
41
How big is the opening of the cervix?
the width of a straw
42
What does the cervix do during birth?
Expands to permit passage of the baby
43
What happens in the uterus?
where the fertilized ovum impants and develops until birth
44
Which direction does the uterus tip?
tips forward (anteverted)
45
What are the 3 parts of the uterus?
1. fundus
2. body
3. cervix
46
What is the endometrium?
innermost layer of uterus
47
Fill in the blank: the endometrium is supplied with ______ and _______
the endometrium is supplied with blood vessels and glands
48
What is endometriosis?
tissue may grow in abdominal cavity or elsewhere in the reproductive system, most common S&S is menstrual pain
can lead to infertility
49
What is the myometrium?
2nd well muscled layer, endows uterus with flexibility and strength and causes contractions
50
What is the perimetrium?
Fibrous 3rd or outermost layer
| provides external cover
51
What do the fallopian tubes connect?
ovary to uterus
52
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
serves to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and the sperm from the uterus to the ovary
53
What are the parts of the fallopian tubes
| in order from nearest the uterus
isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum - fimbriae
54
What are the ovaries?
almond shaped organs that are 1.5 inches long
55
What do the ovaries produce?
Ova, estrogen and progesterone
56
What is a hysterectomy?
surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
performed to reduce cancer risk
57
What does each breast contain?
15-20 clusters of mammary glands
58
Where do mammary glands open?
at the nipple through its own duct
59
Where do the nipples lie?
in the center of the areola
60
What causes hard nipples?
smooth muscle fibers
61
What happens to the areola in pregnancy?
darkens and stays dark afterwards
62
What happens in the breasts during breast feeding?
oil producing glands in areola help lubricate nipples during breast feeding
63
Review some diagrams
do it do it do it
64
Describe the penis?
male organ of sex, contains opening thru which semen and urine pass
65
Describe the corpus cavernosum?
cylinders of spongy tissue in penis that fills with blood and stiffens during sexual arousal
66
Describe the corpus spongisum?
spongy body that runs along bottom of penis, contains penile urethra and enlarges at the tip to form glans
67
Describe the corona
ridge that seperates glans from penile body
68
Describe the frenulum
sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft
69
Describe the scrotum
pouch of loose skin (hairy in puberty) contains 2 compartments that hold the testes
70
Describe the spermatic cord
contains the vas deferns and cremaster muscles
71
Describe the dartos muscl
middle layer of scrotum
72
What are the functions of the testes?
secrete sex hormones and produce germ cells (sperm)
73
Where is testosterone secreted?
by the interstitial cells (also called leydig's cells)
74
What does testosterone do?
stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics
75
Where does the epididymis empty?
the vas deferns
76
describe the vas deferns
a thin cylindrical tube ~ 16 inches long and serves as conduit for mature sperm
77
What is a vasectomy?
operation in which the left and right vas deferns are severed
78
what are the seminal vesicles
~2 inch long small glands
79
Where do the seminal vesicles lay
in behind bladder and open into ejaculatory ducts
80
Describe the fluids that the seminal vesicles produce
- rich in fructose
| - mix with sperm
81
Where does the prostate gland lay?
beneath the bladder and ~3/4 inches in diameter (chesnut shape)
82
What does the prostate gland contains and secrete?
contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue that secretes prostatic fluid (milky and alkaline- semen texture and color)
83
Where are the cowper's glands located?
below prostate
84
What is another name for the cowper's glands?
bulbourethral glands
85
What do the cowpers glands do
empty secretions into urthera
during sexual arousal they secret a drop of lear. slipper fluid that appears at the urtheral opening unknown function)
86
Review some diagrams!!
right now
87
What are the 4 steps that Masters and Johnson describe in the sexual response cycle?
1. excitement
2. plateau
3. orgasm
4. resolution
88
What are the 3 phases of the sexual response that Kaplan describes?
1. desire
2. excitement
3. orgasm
89
Describe the key parts of desire?
- drive and interest
- testosterone key in both genders
- arises in brain
- strengthened by fantasy and appropriate stimulation of all senses
90
Describe the key parts of excitement?
- increase in muscle tension, HR and BP
| - sex flush and nipple erection
91
Describe the key parts of female excitement?
- engorgement of clit, labia and vagina
| - vaginal lubrication, elevation and uterus/breast enlargement
92
Describe the key parts of male excitement?
- experience penile erection, enlargement and teste elevation
- cowper's gland may secrete
93
Describe the key parts of the plateau
increased myotonia (muscle tension), hyperventilation, increased HR and BP
94
Describe the key parts of the women's plateau phase
- clit withdraws under hood
- labia minora deepens in color
- orgasmic platform forms in vagina
- uterus = fully elevated
- areolas = swollen
95
Describe the key parts of the men's plateau phase
- corona fully engorged
- testes elevated and enlarged
- cowper's glands = active
96
Describe the key parts of the orgasm phase
- involuntary muscle spasms (most significant in vagina and penis)
- BP, HR and RR peak
- slightly longer in women
97
What are the 2 orgasm stages in males?
1. emission
| 2. expulsion
98
Describe the emission stage of the male orgasm
- contraction of prostate, seminal vesicles and upper vas deferens (ampulla)
- force of contractions propels seminal fluid into prostatic part of urethral tract (small tube called urtheral bulb)
- balloons out as muscle close- trapping semen
99
Describe the expulsion stage of the male orgasm
- propulsion of semen thru urethra and out of urethra at tip
- muscles at base of penis and around contract rhythmically and forcefully to expel semen
- generally accompanied by highly pleasurable orgasm sensations
100
What is retrograde ejaculation?
ejaculate empties into bladder (external sphincter doesn't open)
*only some men experience*
101
The ovum contains which chromosomes?
X
102
The sperm contains which chromosomes?
Y or X
103
What does the fetus have at 5-6 weeks?
primitive glands, ducts and external genitals
104
What does the fetus have at 7 weeks?
beings to differentiate into sex
105
What gender is the basic blue print of all embryos?
female
106
What is the main androgen?
testosterone
107
Where are androgens produced?
in the testicles
108
What do androgens influence?
male development
109
what does a lack of androgens cause?
female development
110
Where to the testicles begin?
high in abdomen
111
Where to the ovaries begin?
high in abdomen
112
Where do the testicles descend?
scrotal sac
113
where do the ovaries descend?
into the pelvis
114
what happens in the testicles don't descend?
- may correct early in life
- moved surgically
- risk of cancer or sterility
115
What male organ is equivalent to the glans of the clit
glans of the penis
116
What male organ is equivalent to the shaft of clit
shaft of penis
117
What male organ is equivalent to the hood of clit
foreskin
118
What male organ is equivalent to the labia majora
scrotal sac
119
What male organ is equivalent to the labia minora
underside of penile shaft
120
What male organ is equivalent to the skene's glands
prostate glands
121
What male organ is equivalent to the bartholin's glands
cowpers glands
122
What male organ is equivalent to the ovaries?
testes
123
Describe the mons veneris
fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clit
124
Describe the labia majora
large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva
125
What is the function of the labia majora?
amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation, also shield inner portion of female genitals
126
What is the function of the mons veneris?
cushions a women's body during intercourse
127
Describe the labia minora?
2 hairless, light colored membranes located between major lips, surround urethral and vaginal opening, at the top they form the prepuce (hood) of the clit
128
What is the function of the labia minora?
rich in blood vessels and nerve ending, highly sensitive
| when stimulated they darken and swell
129
Describe the clit?
female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethra opening
130
What is the function of the clit?
no function other than SEXUAL
131
Describe the precupe of the clit?
hood covering clitoral shaft
132
What is another name for the vaginal opening?
introitus
133
Describe the hymen?
fold of tissue across vaginal opening- usually present at birth and remains partially intact until intercourse
134
Describe the pubo coccygeus muscle?
muscles that encircle entrance to vagina
| kegels!
135
How long is the vagina at rest?
3-5 inches
136
Where does the period flow and babies go?
from uterus to outer world via vagina
137
Where is the cervix?
lower end of uterus
138
What does the cervix produce?
secretions that contribute to chemical balances
139
How big is the opening of the cervix?
the width of a straw
140
What does the cervix do during birth?
Expands to permit passage of the baby
141
What happens in the uterus?
where the fertilized ovum impants and develops until birth
142
Which direction does the uterus tip?
tips forward (anteverted)
143
What are the 3 parts of the uterus?
1. fundus
2. body
3. cervix
144
What is the endometrium?
innermost layer of uterus
145
Fill in the blank: the endometrium is supplied with ______ and _______
the endometrium is supplied with blood vessels and glands
146
What is endometriosis?
tissue may grow in abdominal cavity or elsewhere in the reproductive system, most common S&S is menstrual pain
can lead to infertility
147
What is the myometrium?
2nd well muscled layer, endows uterus with flexibility and strength and causes contractions
148
What is the perimetrium?
Fibrous 3rd or outermost layer
| provides external cover
149
What do the fallopian tubes connect?
ovary to uterus
150
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
serves to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and the sperm from the uterus to the ovary
151
What are the parts of the fallopian tubes
| in order from nearest the uterus
isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum - fimbriae
152
What are the ovaries?
almond shaped organs that are 1.5 inches long
153
What do the ovaries produce?
Ova, estrogen and progesterone
154
What is a hysterectomy?
surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
performed to reduce cancer risk
155
What does each breast contain?
15-20 clusters of mammary glands
156
Where do mammary glands open?
at the nipple through its own duct
157
Where do the nipples lie?
in the center of the areola
158
What causes hard nipples?
smooth muscle fibers
159
What happens to the areola in pregnancy?
darkens and stays dark afterwards
160
What happens in the breasts during breast feeding?
oil producing glands in areola help lubricate nipples during breast feeding
161
Review some diagrams
do it do it do it
162
Describe the penis?
male organ of sex, contains opening thru which semen and urine pass
163
Describe the corpus cavernosum?
cylinders of spongy tissue in penis that fills with blood and stiffens during sexual arousal
164
Describe the corpus spongisum?
spongy body that runs along bottom of penis, contains penile urethra and enlarges at the tip to form glans
165
Describe the corona
ridge that seperates glans from penile body
166
Describe the frenulum
sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft
167
Describe the scrotum
pouch of loose skin (hairy in puberty) contains 2 compartments that hold the testes
168
Describe the spermatic cord
contains the vas deferns and cremaster muscles
169
Describe the dartos muscl
middle layer of scrotum
170
What are the functions of the testes?
secrete sex hormones and produce germ cells (sperm)
171
Where is testosterone secreted?
by the interstitial cells (also called leydig's cells)
172
What does testosterone do?
stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics
173
Where does the epididymis empty?
the vas deferns
174
describe the vas deferns
a thin cylindrical tube ~ 16 inches long and serves as conduit for mature sperm
175
What is a vasectomy?
operation in which the left and right vas deferns are severed
176
what are the seminal vesicles
~2 inch long small glands
177
Where do the seminal vesicles lay
in behind bladder and open into ejaculatory ducts
178
Describe the fluids that the seminal vesicles produce
- rich in fructose
| - mix with sperm
179
Where does the prostate gland lay?
beneath the bladder and ~3/4 inches in diameter (chesnut shape)
180
What does the prostate gland contains and secrete?
contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue that secretes prostatic fluid (milky and alkaline- semen texture and color)
181
Where are the cowper's glands located?
below prostate
182
What is another name for the cowper's glands?
bulbourethral glands
183
What do the cowpers glands do
empty secretions into urthera
during sexual arousal they secret a drop of lear. slipper fluid that appears at the urtheral opening unknown function)
184
Review some diagrams!!
right now
185
What are the 4 steps that Masters and Johnson describe in the sexual response cycle?
1. excitement
2. plateau
3. orgasm
4. resolution
186
What are the 3 phases of the sexual response that Kaplan describes?
1. desire
2. excitement
3. orgasm
187
Describe the key parts of desire?
- drive and interest
- testosterone key in both genders
- arises in brain
- strengthened by fantasy and appropriate stimulation of all senses
188
Describe the key parts of excitement?
- increase in muscle tension, HR and BP
| - sex flush and nipple erection
189
Describe the key parts of female excitement?
- engorgement of clit, labia and vagina
| - vaginal lubrication, elevation and uterus/breast enlargement
190
Describe the key parts of male excitement?
- experience penile erection, enlargement and teste elevation
- cowper's gland may secrete
191
Describe the key parts of the plateau
increased myotonia (muscle tension), hyperventilation, increased HR and BP
192
Describe the key parts of the women's plateau phase
- clit withdraws under hood
- labia minora deepens in color
- orgasmic platform forms in vagina
- uterus = fully elevated
- areolas = swollen
193
Describe the key parts of the men's plateau phase
- corona fully engorged
- testes elevated and enlarged
- cowper's glands = active
194
Describe the key parts of the orgasm phase
- involuntary muscle spasms (most significant in vagina and penis)
- BP, HR and RR peak
- slightly longer in women
195
What are the 2 orgasm stages in males?
1. emission
| 2. expulsion
196
Describe the emission stage of the male orgasm
- contraction of prostate, seminal vesicles and upper vas deferens (ampulla)
- force of contractions propels seminal fluid into prostatic part of urethral tract (small tube called urtheral bulb)
- balloons out as muscle close- trapping semen
197
Describe the expulsion stage of the male orgasm
- propulsion of semen thru urethra and out of urethra at tip
- muscles at base of penis and around contract rhythmically and forcefully to expel semen
- generally accompanied by highly pleasurable orgasm sensations
198
What is retrograde ejaculation?
ejaculate empties into bladder (external sphincter doesn't open)
*only some men experience*
199
Fill in the blanks: _____ demonstrate a wider variability in their _____ response patternes
females demonstrate a wider variability in their sexual response patterns
200
Fill in the blanks: _____ orgasms occur with _____ frequency in females
multiple orgasms occur with greater frequency in females
201
what is one of the most profound differences in orgasms between men and women
males have the refractory period
202
What is a male circumcision?
surgical removal of precupe (foreskin)
203
What does the male circumcision fully expose?
glans of penis
204
What are the reasons for male circumcision?
hygiene, religion or culture
205
Where is female circumcision done?
africa, middle east, indonesia, Malaysia and australia?
206
What are the 3 types of female circumcision?
1. removal of hood of clit
2. removal of entire clit
3. removal of entire clit, labia minora and parts of majora (remaining majora pulled over vaginal opening and stitched closed- vagina is closed except for v small opening)
207
What is the average age that female circumcision occurs?
7
208
What happens when someone with a full female circumcision has sex for the first time?
Vagina must be opened with penis, knife or nails
209
What are the reasons for female circumcision?
economic, sexual control of women, religion, culture, cosmetic or curative
210
What is menstruation?
cycial bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) when fertilization hasn't occurred
211
Is menstruation usually viewed positively or negatively?
negatively.. "the curse"
212
What are the 5 common taboos related to menstruation?
1. ban on sex during
2. restrictions on activities and contact with others during
3. taboo against contact with men's ritual equipment or weaponry during
4. taboos against cooking or handling food during
5. total seclusion in special living area during
213
What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
combo of bodily and psychological S&S that afflict women during 4-6 days before period
214
How many women are affected by PMS?
3 out of 4
215
What are the common S&S of PMS?
- anxiety
- depression
- irritability
- weight gain from fluid retention
- abdominal discomfort
216
fill in the blanks: ____% of women experience PMS so _______ that it impacts their _______, academic or ________ functioning
10% of women experience PMS so severe that it impacts their social, academic or occupational functioning
217
When should PAPs start to be done?
late teens or when sexually active
218
How often should PAPs be done?
Annually or every 1-3 years
219
What are the 2 reasons to do PAPs more frequently?
- women is on birth control
| - women is over 35 years old
220
What are the assessments to check for cervical cancer?
external and internal exam, PAP, vaginal discharge testing
221
What should a women check for in relation to cervical cancer?
pelvic area for any abnormalities in color or size
222
What should a women inform her doctor about in relation to cervical cancer?
unusual discharge or pain
223
When should a breast self exam be done?
once a month (1 week before period)
224
What should a women check for in a breast self exam?
lumps, hard knots, thickening
| any noticeable changes
225
What motion should a women use during a breast self exam?
circular
226
What is the frequency of a mammogram and when does it start?
annually after age 50 or 40 if there is a family hx
227
Fill in the blank: _____ cancer in men is the most common between ages _______
testicular cancer in men is the most common between ages 29-35
228
When should a testicular self exam be done?
Once a month after bath or shower (scrotum = relaxed)
229
What are the 4 warnings signs of testicular cancer?
1. slight enlargement of 1 teste
2. change in teste consistency
3. dull ache in lower abdomen or groin (could be no pain)
4. sensation of dragging or heaviness in testicles
230
What is the rate of prostate cancer?
1 in 8 men
231
What is the #2 cancer in men?
prostate
232
Fill in the blanks: ____ cancer in men is more common than ____ cancer in women
prostate cancer in men is more common than breast cancer in women
233
What are the early S&S of benign prostate enlargement?
- urinary frequency
- difficulty urinating
- blood in urine
- pain or burning with urination
- pain in lower back
- no S&S
234
When are tests recommended for prostate cancer and what are the tests?
40 years old
| annual rectal exam and blood test
