Concepts

Question 1

Bohr Model

Answer 1

A hydrogen atom consists of a central proton around which an electron travels in a circular orbit, centripetal force, and electrical force, electrons can only exist in fixed-energy states

Question 2

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Answer 2

Impossible to simultaneously determine the momentum and the position of an electron

Question 3

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Answer 3

No two electrons in a given atom can possess the same four quantum numbers

Question 4

Principal Quantum Number

Answer 4

n, represents the shell where an electron is present in an atom, the element’s row (N -> 1,2)

Question 5

Quantum Numbers

Answer 5

n, l, ml, ms

Question 6

Magnetic Quantum Number

Answer 6

ml, the orientation of the orbital in space (i.e. p subshell (-1,0,+1)

Question 7

Spin Quantum Number

Answer 7

ms, spin of a particle up or down, (+1/2, -1/2)

Question 8

Paired Electron

Answer 8

Electrons with opposite spins, different ms, but the same ml

Question 9

Aufbau Principle

Answer 9

Subshells are filled from lowest to highest energy

Question 10

Phase Diagram

Answer 10

Right (Gas), Left (Solid), Middle (Liquid), Critical Point (Top of l/g)

Question 11

Hund’s Rule

Answer 11

Electrons prefer empty orbitals to half-filled ones

Question 12

Raoult’s Law

Answer 12

Vapor pressure of a pure solvent is equal to the product of the mole fraction of the solvent and the vapor pressure of the solvent

Question 13

Paramagnetic

Answer 13

A material has unpaired electrons, the magnetic field will align the spins

Question 14

Boyle’s Law

Answer 14

P1V1 = P2V2

Question 15

Charles Law

Answer 15

V1/T1 = V2/T2

Question 16

Nuclear Effective (Zeff)

Answer 16

Net positive charge from the nucleus as felt by an electron, max at top right of PT

Question 17

Ionization Energy

Answer 17

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom, max at top right PT

Question 18

Atomic Radius Trend

Answer 18

Decreases up/right, Largest Bottom Left, Smallest Top Right

Question 19

Electronegativity Trend

Answer 19

Increasing Up/Right, Highest Top Right

Question 20

Soluble Salts

Answer 20

SO4-2, Cl-, Br-, I-, NH4+, Alkali metals

Question 21

Insoluble Salts

Answer 21

Metal oxides, hydroxides, salts with CO3-2, PO4-3, SO3-2

Question 22

Combination Reactions

Answer 22

Two or more reactants form one product

Question 23

Decomposition Reactions

Answer 23

A compound breaks down into two or more substances (electrolysis

Question 24

Spectator Ions

Answer 24

Ions do not take part in the chemical reaction

Question 25

Double-Displacement Reaction

Answer 25

Elements from two different compounds displace each other to form two new compounds

Question 26

Oxidation Electrode

Answer 26

Anode

Question 27

Reduction Electrode

Answer 27

Cathode

Question 28

Electrolytic Cell

Answer 28

Nonspontaneous, electrical energy required, same container, no salt bridge, presence of a battery or power source used to drive nonspontaneous reactions

Question 29

Lewis Acid

Answer 29

Electron-pair acceptor

Question 30

Lewis Base

Answer 30

Electron-pair donor

Question 31

Bronsted Acid

Answer 31

Donates protons

Question 32

Bronsted Base

Answer 32

Accepts Protons

Question 33

Alpha Decay

Answer 33

A-4, Z-2

Question 34

Beta (-) Decay

Answer 34

A, Z+1

Question 35

Gamma Decay

Answer 35

No change, emission of gamma particle (high-energy photon)

Question 36

Electron Capture

Answer 36

A, Z-1 (add e-)

Question 37

Le Chetelier's Principle

Answer 37

Stress on an environment: 1. Concentration -> shift to relieve pressure 2. Pressure -> shift decrease moles 3. Temperature -> heat as a product/reactant

Question 38

Bond-Dissociation

Answer 38

Energy required to break a specific chemical bond in one mole of a gaseous molecule, bond breaking is endothermic

Question 39

Titrations

Answer 39

1. Strong acid/base of known concentration 2. Titrate added in small amounts 3. Neutral = equivalents equal 4. SB/SA -> pH 7 5. SB/WA -> above pH 7 6. WB/SA -> below pH 7

Question 40

Nerst Equation

Answer 40

Potential under non-standard conditions

Question 41

Galvanic Cell

Answer 41

Supply energy, used to do work, separate containers for oxidation and reduction half-reactions, connected by an apparatus, allow flow of electrons

Question 42

Angular Momentum Quantum Number

Answer 42

l, the shape of the orbitals (0(s),1(p), 2(d), 3(f))

Question 43

Isobaric

Answer 43

Constant pressure

Question 44

Isochoric

Answer 44

Constant volume

Question 45

Isothermal

Answer 45

No temperature change

Question 46

Adiabatic

Answer 46

No heat exchange

Question 47

Deposition

Answer 47

Gas to solid

Question 48

Sublimation

Answer 48

Solid to gas

Question 49

Avogadro's Principle

Answer 49

n1/V1 = n2/V2

Question 50

Ideal Gas Law

Answer 50

PV = nRT

Question 51

Beta (+) Decay

Answer 51

A, Z-1