Concepts Flashcards
Dual Nexus
Essential Nexus and Rough Proportionality
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission 1987 – SCOTUS exactions must demonstrate an “essential nexus” to legit state interest
Dolan v. City of Tigert 1997- SCOTUS ruled that essential nexus is not enough, there must also be “rough proportionality” between exactions and impact on property
Contingency Theory
Planning is a professional act that occurs within a political community
Approaches depend on degree of:
i. Agreement about goals
ii. Uncertainty
iii. Imminence of decision
iv. Need for community buy-in
v. Etc.
Collector Streets (Per Federal Highway Admin’s “Concepts, Criteria, Procedures”)
Provide traffic circulation and land access with all land uses by collecting and distributing traffic to these geographic areas
Postmodern Critique
a. Theorist:
i. Beauregard
ii. Mandelbaum
iii. Sandercock
iv. Fainstein
b. Questions “What is the public good?”
c. What constitutes knowledge – not objective, socially constructed
d. Knowledge is open ended and context matters
Argyris and Schön
Social Learning- planners engage in reflection-in-action
Critical Pragmatism
Idea that truth in reality is best judged by the consequences of any particular action
Planning emphasis on deductive reasoning is inconsistent with pragmatic problem solving- should be a blend of inductive & deductive reasoning
Deductive Reasoning – General Principle/Theory–> Predictions/Hypothesis–>Testing–>Observations of specific cases
Inductive Reasoning- General Principle/Theory –>generalizations–>pattern–>observations of specific cases
Theory of Communicative Reason
Jurgen Habermas was one primary developer of the theory
Rejects abstract rationalism of comprehensive planning
Emphasizes public engagement, interaction, and debate
Leads to communicative turn - Active public engagement
Communicative rationality emphasizes transparency, inclusiveness, and truth seeking and processes
Cumulative Zoning
Having permitted uses automatically build from one district to each successive one
Metes and Bounds Survey
Have monuments
Considered oldest type of legal description
Has POBs (Point of Beginning)
Uses words “more or less”
Shift-Share Analysis
Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of a specific regions industries
How well the regions mix of industries are performing
How well the regions individual industries are performing
ISTEA (Ice Tea)
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 1991- G.H.W. Bush
Federal law that posed major change to transportation planning
Presented overall intermodal approach to Highway and Transit funding w/ collaborative planning requirements, giving significant powers to metropolitan planning organizations
Provided funds to convert dormant railways to bike trails. Included funding for historic preservation and scenic bikeways - Expired in 1997
Critical Path Method
Technique used to figure out what steps in a project will be most critical to project moving forward
Regression
Statistical technique that provides an estimate of one variable based on the linear function of another
Variance
Measure of dispersion around the mean that is calculated as the average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean
Community Character Act (C.C.A) 2002
Bill to improve environmental policy by providing assistance for state and tribal land use planning to promote improved quality of life, regionalism, and sustainable economic development
Exaction
Condition for development imposed on parcel of land that requires developer t mitigate anticipated negative impacts of the development
Fishbowl Planning
Powerful communication and public participation tactic aimed at creating a truly informed public
Oligotrophic Lakes
Deep lakes that have a low supply of nutrients and this contain little organic matter
Zero-Base Budgeting
Invovles: budget is broken up into “decision packages”
Budget starts from scratch
“decision packets” are tied to long-range plans
Environmental Impact Statement
Written to satisfy regulations of NEPA when a major action will have a significant impact on the environment
Hoshin Planning
Japanese –> Policy Management/Compass Management
7 Step process used in strategic planning in which strategic goals are communicated throughout the company and then put into action
Aligns the major strategy objectives with specific resources and action plans
Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)
Federally mandated and funded. Transportation policy-making organization that is made up of representatives from local government and governmental transportation authorities.
Not a level of government, but has effective control over transportation improvements with in the area since a project must be a part of its adopted plan in order to receive federal funding.
City Functional Movement
Developed in the war years of the 1940s with the growth of the military and renewed industrialization.
Emphasized functionalism and administrative efficiency contributed to Federal Government
Increased involvement in local planning and the post-war passage of Section 701 of the Housing Act in 1954, which subsidized general plans for localities until 1981
Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller- 1933
Asserts that settlements simply functioned as “central places” providing services to surrounding areas
Contends villages will be closer together while large cities will be farther apart
