Concepts and Applications of the Exercise Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
Epimysium
A
continuous with tendons at ends of muscle
2
Q
Tendon
A
attaches muscle to bones
3
Q
Bone Periosteum
A
specialized connective tissue covering all bones
4
Q
Proximal
A
closer to the trunk
5
Q
Distal
A
further from the trunk
6
Q
Superior
A
closer to the head
7
Q
Inferior
A
closer to the feet
8
Q
Origin
A
proximal attachment of muscle (towards the center of the body)
9
Q
Insertion
A
distal attachment of muscle (away from the center of the body)
10
Q
Muscle Fibers
A
muscle cell; long, cylindrical cells 50-100 micrometers in diameter
11
Q
Fasciculi
A
bundles of muscle fibers
12
Q
Perimysium
A
connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi
13
Q
Endomysium
A
connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
14
Q
Sarcolemma
A
muscle fiber membrane; continuous with endomysium
15
Q
Motor Neuron
A
nerve cell
16
Q
Neuromuscular Junction
A
motor end plate; junction between motor neuron and ther muscle fibers it innervates
17
Q
Motor Unit
A
motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
18
Q
Sarcoplasm
A
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
19
Q
Myofibrils
A
contain apparatus that contracts the muscle cell
20
Q
Myosin
A
type of microfilament; bigger microfilament
21
Q
Microfilament
A
apparatus that contracts muscle cell
22
Q
Actin
A
type of microfilament; smaller microfilament; consists of two strands arranged in a double helix
23
Q
Cross-Bridges
A
globular heads that protrude away from myosin filament at regular intervals
24
Q
Sarcomere
A
smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle
25
A-Band
myosin filament section of sarcomere
26
I-Band
only actin filament portion of sarcomere
27
Z-Line
in the middle of I-Band and runs longitudinally
28
H-Zone
area in center of sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present
29
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
intricate system of tubules that is parallel to and surrounding each myofibril
30
T-Tubules
transverse tubules; run perpendicular to SR and terminate in vicinity of Z-Line
31
Triad
T-Tubule spaced between and perpendicular to two SR vesicles
32
Action Potential
electrical nerve impulse
33
Sliding-Filament Theory
the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber
34
Troponin
protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions
35
Tropomyosin
runs along length of actin filament in groove of double helix
36
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that diffsues across neuromuscular junction causing excitation of sarcolemma
37
All-or -None Principle
all muscle fibers in a motor neuron contract if stimulus is high enough; stronger stimulus doesn't mean stronger contraction
38
Twitch
brief contraction that results from action potential traveling down motor neuron
39
Tetanus
maximal amount of force a motor unit can develop; stimuli delivered at such a high frequency that twitches merge and completely fuse
40
Slow-Twitch Fibers
develop force and relax slowly and have long twitch time
41
Fast-Twitch Fibers
develops force and relaxes rapidly and has a short twitch time
42
Type I Fibers
slow twitch
43
Type II a Fibers
fast-twitch fibers
44
Type II b Fibers
fast twitch fibers
45
Type II x Fibers
also known as type II b
46
Recruitment
number of motor units activated; increasing recruitment can increase force
47
Preloading
loading muscle prior to muscle action (aids in force development early in range of motion)
48
Proprioceptors
specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons
49
Muscle Spindles
proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue
50
Intrafusal Fibers
run parallel to normal fibers
51
Extrafusal Fibers
normal muscle fibers
52
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)
proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction and are in series, that is, attached end to end, with extrafusal muscle fibers
53
Sarcopenia
reduced muscle size and strength
54
Heart
muscular organ comprised of two interconnected but separate pumps
55
Atrium
delivers blood to ventricles
56
Ventricle
delivers blood to pulmonary and peripheral circulations
57
Tricuspid Valve
prevents flow of blood from right ventricle back into right atrium
58
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
prevents flow of blood from left ventricle back into left atrium
59
Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
tricuspid and mitral valves
60
Systole
ventricular relaxation
61
Aortic Valve
prevents blood of blood from aorta back into left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
62
Pulmonary Vlave
prevents blood flow from pulmonary arteries into right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
63
Semilunar Valve
aoritc and pulmonary valves
64
Diastole
ventricular relaxation
65
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
intrinsic pacemaker where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated
66
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into ventricales
67
Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle
conducts impulses to ventricles
68
Left Bundle Branches
divide further and conduct impulses further
69
Right Bundle Branches
divide further and conduct impulses further
70
Purkinje Fibers
further divisions of bundle branches, conduct impulses to all parts of ventricles
71
Myocardium
heart muscle
72
Sympathetic Nervous System
component of autonomic nervous system, fight or flight
73
Parasympathetic Nervous System
component of autonomic nervous system, relaxation and digestion
74
Bradycardia
fewer than 60beats/min
75
Tachycardia
more than 100beats/min
76
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
a graphic representation of electrical activity of the heart
77
P-Wave
depolarization; generated by changes in electrical potential of cardiac muscle cells that depolarize the atria and result in atrial contraction
78
QRS Complex
depolarization; generated by the electrical potential that depolarizes the ventricles and results in ventricular contraction
79
T-Wave
repolarization; caused by the electrical potential generated as the ventricles recover from the state of depolarization
80
Depolarization
the reversal of the membrane electrical potential, whereby the normally negative potential inside the membrane becomes slightly positive and the outside becomes slightly negative
81
Repolarization
process of the ventricles recovering from the state of depolarization
82
Arterial System
carries blood away from the heart
83
Venous System
returns blood toward the heart
84
Arteries
rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart
85
Arterioles
small branches of arteries; act as control vessels through which blood enters the capillaries
86
Capillaries
exchange oxygen, fluids, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in various tissues of body
87
Venules
collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into progressively larger veins
88
Hemoglobin
iron-protein carried by the red blood cells; transports oxygen
89
Red Blood Cells
major component of blood
90
Trachea
first generation respiratory passage
91
Bronchi
second generation respiratory passages
92
Bronchioles
additional respiratory passages
93
Alveoli
where gases are exchanged in respiration
94
Pleural Pressure
the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura
95
Pleura
membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls
96
Alveolar Pressure
the pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs
97
Diffusion
a simple random motion or molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane
