Concepts and Terminology

Question 1

Describe the anterior region of the body

Answer 1

Question 2

Describe the posterior region of the body

Answer 2

Question 3

List the anatomical planes of the body

Answer 3

Coronal plane

Sagittal plane

Prasagittal plane

Transverse/horizontal plane

Question 4

Describe coronal plane

Answer 4

Orientated vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 5

Desrcibe sagittal planes

Answer 5

oriented vertically but are at right angles to the coronal planes and divide the body into right and left parts.

Question 6

Describe medial sagittal plane

Answer 6

The plane that pases through the centre of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves

Question 7

Describe the parasagittal plane

Answer 7

A plane situated along side the medial plane

Question 8

Describe transverse/horizontal plane

Answer 8

Divide the body into superior and inferior parts

Question 9

What are the terms used to describe location relative to the body/other parts

Answer 9

• Anterior
• Posterior
• Medial
• Lateral
• Superior
• Inferior

Question 10

a) Describe the term anteroior
b) Describe the term posterior

Answer 10

a) Describes the position of structures relative to the “front” of the body
b) Describe the postition os structures relative to the “back” of the body

Question 11

a) Describe the anatomical term medial
b) Describe the anatomical term lateral

Answer 11

a) Describes the postion of structures relative to the median sagittalplane
b) Describes the position of the side of the body/away from the midline

Question 12

a) Describe the anatomical term ‘superior’
c) Describe the anatomical term ‘inferior’

Answer 12

a) Towards the head - in refernce to the vertical axis
b) Towards the feet - in reference to to the vertical axis

Question 13

Describe the anatomical terms used to describe location on limbs

Answer 13

1. Proximal - the nearer the area to the point of attachment the more PROXIMAL it is
2. Distal - the further the area to the point of attachment the more DISTAL it is

Question 14

a) What terms are used to describe the relative positions of two structures with rspect to the surface of the body (depth)
b) What do they mean?

Answer 14

a) 1. Deep
2. Superficial
b) 1. Deep = deeper and less close to surface
2. Superficial =shallower (less deep and closer to surface)

Question 15

Describe 3 main roles of the skeleton

Answer 15

• Provides support for soft tissues
• Protects internal organs
• Aids body movements

Question 16

a) What is a joint?
b) Describe 4 main types of joints in the body

Answer 16

a) The articulation where a bone meets another bone
b) 1. Bony joints - the bones are cnnected by bone
2. Fibrous joints - the bones are connected by fibres
3. Carilaginous joints - the bones are connected by cartilage
4. Synovial joints

Question 17

What type of joint are all major joints of the limb?

Answer 17

Synovial joints

Question 18

Describe the structure of a synovial joint

Answer 18

• The smooth articular surfaces of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage
• A joint capsule surrounds the joint and usually contains supoortavie ligaments
• Inside the joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane
• Synovial membrane secretes synovial fulid

Question 19

What is the main role of the synovial fluid?

Answer 19

To nourish and protect the joint

Question 20

a) How many major synovial joint are there?
b) How are they classified?

Answer 20

a) 6
b) By the shape of the bones, forming the joint, as well as the movement available at each joint

Question 21

Name the 6 major types of synovial joints and give an example for each

Answer 21

1. Hinge joint e.g. elbow, knww
2. Ball and socket e.g. gleno-humeral joint
3. Saddle joint e.g. CMC joint of thumb
4. Pivot joint e.g. radioulnar joint
5. Plane/Gliding e.g. inetrcarpal joints
6. Ellipsoid e.g. intercarpal joints

Question 22

Name the synovial joint

Answer 22

Question 23

Describe a muscle

Answer 23

Muscle is a tissue that genertaed movemevent by contracting or relaxing

Question 24

How do muscles move joint

Answer 24

• To have an action, a msucle must have at least two attachment
• a muscle will have an action att every joint it crosses

Question 25

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system

Answer 25

Central nervous system (CNS - brain and spinal cord)

Peripheral nervous system (everything else)

Question 26

Describe the two functional division of the nervous system

Answer 26

1. Somatic nervous system - concerned with voluntary control of body
2. Autonomic nervous system - regulates unconcious functions

Question 27

a) Describe the role of arteries
b) Blood through the arteries are at a high blood pressure. How are arteries adapted to the high pressure of blood?

Answer 27

a) Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart ( A for away)
b) Arterial walls are thick with msucles and elastic fibres to support them

Question 28

a) What is the role of veins?
b) Blood is at a low pressure in the veins. How are veins adapted to the low pressure?

Answer 28

a) Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart (veINs)
b) 1. Walls are relatively thin
2. Valves to ensure blood travels in one directon

Question 29

a) Desrcibe flexion
b) Describe extension

Answer 29

a) Movement that decreases the angle between two structures, causing the structures to bend or move closer together
b) Movement that increases the angle between two structures, causing the structures to straighten or move apart

Question 30

a) Perform flexion and extension of the knee
b) Perfom flexion and extension of the shoulder
c) Describe the flexion and extension of the neck
d) Desrcibe the flexion and extension of the hip
e) Describe the flexion and extension of the ankle

Answer 30

c) neck flexion = head foward + neck extension = head backword
d) hip flexion = kick leg forward + hip extension = kick leg back
e) ankle flexion = feet down + ankle extension = feet up

Question 31

a) Describe abduction
b) Describe adduction

Answer 31

a) move away from centre
b) move towards centre

Question 32

a) Describe medial rotation of the hip
b) Describe medial rotation of the shoulder

Answer 32

a) Twist foot in
b) Hand towards middle of the body

Question 33

a) Describe lateral rotation of the hip
b) Describe lateral rotation of the shoulder

Answer 33

a) Twist foot outwards
b) Hand away from middle of the body

Question 34

a) Perform pronation of the elbow
b) Perform supination of the elbow

Answer 34

a) back (prosterior) of hand
b) palm of hand

Question 35

a) Describe inversion of the ankle
b) Describe eversion of the ankle

Answer 35

a) Sole of foot inwards
b) Sole of foot outwards