Concepts (AO1) Flashcards
What is phonemic expansion and contraction?
When young children undergo phonemic expansion, they practice all available phonemes.
Phonemic contraction is where they discard those they don’t need
What is overextension?
Using a lexeme too broadly, e.g. calling all animals ‘dogs’
What is underextension?
Using a lexeme too narrowly, e.g. only calling the family dog ‘dog’
What is Child Directed Speech (CDS)?
Adult speakers adjust the way they speak to children in a number of different ways
What are some examples of CDS?
- Slower, clearer pronunciation
- More pauses
- More repetition
- Use of names rather than pronouns
- Exaggerated intonation and stress
What is convergence?
Convergence is where the adult adopts the child’s error and starts making the same error
What is recasting?
Recasting is where the adult hears a child’s error and corrects it, and often rehearses it with the child
What is decoding and encoding?
Decoding is breaking down a word into its component phonemes
Encoding is constructing a word using graphemes.
What are the 5 key stages of language acquisition and their calling cards?
- Babbling (0-8 m) - canonical and variegated babbling
- Two-word (9-18 m) - Using 2 words to talk
- Holophrastic (18-24 m) - Starting to make sense, although not grammatically
- Telegraphic (24-30 m) - Starting to form grammatically correct sentences (SVO)
- Post-telegraphic (30+ m) - Using grammatical sentences
How much does a child’s vocabulary expand in the telegraphic stage of CLA and why?
From 50 to 13000 lexemes, but this includes different morphological forms of the same word
What are the 7 phonological errors?
- Addition
- Deletion
- Consonant Cluster Reduction
- Reduplication
- Avoidance of Unstressed Syllable
- Assimilation
- Substitution
What are the key morphological terms?
Free morphemes - function independently as words
Bound morphemes - only appear as part of words, with a root
Inflectional - Suffixes, ensures a word agrees with the context
Derivational - Bring considerable change, often changes class
Cranberry - A morpheme that only occurs with that meaning once
What is overgeneralisation?
When children apply regular rules to irregular words, they are over generalising
What are hypernyms and hyponyms and what is the trick to remember them?
A hypernym is a larger group which can have a range of things (hyponyms) grouped into it.
Hyper Hippos is the memory aid.
What are 2 key rules of conversation
- Turn taking
- Responding to the other person
What are the two forms of motor skills?
- Gross motor skills - involve large muscles and broad movements
- Fine motor skills - require dexterity and coordination, e.g. gripping and manipulating smaller objects
Define decoding and encoding, and how children use them to phonetically spell
Decoding is the breaking down of a word into its component phonemes
Encoding is constructing a word from component phonemes into graphemes
Children decode and encode phonetically when they have not previously learnt the correct spelling of a word
