Theories/theorists (AO2) Flashcards
(21 cards)
What did the Fis Phenomenon show and who were the theorists?
Berko and Brown - It was a study that showed that children are increasingly aware of their phonological errors, and that even though they are pronouncing a word wrong, they are not trying to, and that they prefer to be recast
2 examples of in utero experience studies and their theorists
Kuhl - Studied that, for the final 10 weeks of pregnancy, babies can hear, especially the voiced phonemes of their mother.
Murphy-Paul - Showed that while in utero, babies are able to experience the circumstances around them, while in the womb (Dutch Hunger Winter, 9/11)
Describe the study on in utero experiences and the studier
Patricia Kuhl
Took place in Stockholm and Washington
30 babies at 30 hours old were exposed to a range of sounds in their native language and a foreign language.
The length of time for which babies sucked on a pacifier decreased when they heard the foreign sound as they were interested in it, indicating they were used to the native language
What did the study of Intonation show and who was the theorist?
Cruttenden - Showed that children under the age of 7 struggle to infer meaning from intonation
What did the Wug Test show and who was the theorist?
Berko - Showed that young children can internalise complex grammatical codes and apply their rules broadly
What did the study of Under- and Over- extension show and who was the theorist?
Rescorla - Over-extension is when a child applies a word more widely than is appropriate, whereas under-extension is when a child uses a word too narrowly
What did the study of First Words show and who was the theorist?
Nelson - Identified that it was common that children’s first words fall into 4 categories: naming, actions/events, describing/modifying things, personal/social words
What did the study of the acquisition of new lexemes show and who was the theorist?
Aitchison - Showed that there are 3 stages in language acquisition: labelling, packaging and network building
Describe labelling, packaging and network building
Labelling - the consistent use of the correct word with a specific item e.g. calling the family dog ‘dog’
Packaging - learning a words limit (over/under extension)
Network-building - fully understanding the limits of a word
What did the study of ‘pivot’ words show and who was the theorist?
Braine - During the holophrastic stage, children rely on one word utterances, known as ‘pivot’ words, which convey a number of different meanings
What did the study of the functions of spoken language show and who was the theorist?
Halliday - identified that there are 7 functions of language, which all make up what everyone says in everyday language
What are Halliday’s 7 functions of language?
Instrumental - used to fulfil a basic need
Regulatory - Used to influence others behaviours
Interactional - Used to develop social relations
Personal - Used to express personal preferences
Representational - Used to exchange information
Heuristic - Used to learn and explore the environment
Imaginative - Used to explore the imagination
What did the study of the stages of written development show and who was the theorist?
Kroll - Identified 4 phases of children’s development in written language:
- Preparatory (Up to 6 years)
- Consolidation (7-8 years)
- Differentiation (9-10 years)
- Integration (Into mid-teens)
What did the study of the ‘early stages’ of writing show and who was the theorist?
Barclay - Identified how children’s writing develops in early life
What are the ‘Early Stages’?
- Scribbling - Random marks on a page
- Mock handwriting - Imitating cursive writing
- Mock letters - Not real letters, shapes are separate
- Conventional letters - Individual, random letters
- Invented spelling - Random string of graphemes
- Phonetic spelling - Linking sounds with letters
- Correct spelling - Most regular spellings are accurate
What is the critical window and who was the studier?
Lenneburg - Says that there is a critical window for language acquisition which ends at puberty
How do you work out Mean Length of Utterance and who was the studier?
Brown - MLU = Total Number of Morphemes / Total Number of Utterances
What is the MLU at each stage and what age is each stage?
Stage I - MLU = 1.0-2.0 - Approx Age = 12-26 m
Stage II - MLU = 2.0-2.5 - Approx Age = 26-30 m
Stage III - MLU = 2.5-3.0 - Approx Age = 30-34 m
Stage VI - MLU = 3.0-3.75 - Approx Age = 34-40 m
Stage V - MLU = 3.75-4.5 - Approx Age = 40-46 m
Stage V+ - MLU = 4.5+ - Approx Age = 46+ m
In terms of proofreading, what did Graves find?
The youngest readers do not reread or alter what they have written, or when they start to correct they rub errors out. Once they learn to cross out there is drastic improvements, as they have a visual reminder of the error
In terms of proofreading, what did Birnbaum find?
Older and able children are more willing to make mistakes, whereas younger children want to make a neat copy
In terms of proofreading, what did Pearl find?
That younger children read what they intended to write, rather than what they actually wrote, and have a tendency to only reread the last few words of their work (due to fatigue potentially)
