Concepts Of Health

Question 1

What did Who define health as?

Answer 1

A state of complete wellbeing: physical, mental, social, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

Why is animal health important?

Answer 2

Profit, loss, costs
-mortality
-morbidity
-veterinary costs
-marketing

Animal welfare
-suffering
-stress

Human well being

Question 3

How to safeguard animal health?

Answer 3

-diagnose early
-sensors and gadgets
-proactive health management
-prevention of illness

Question 4

What are the challenges to animal health?

Answer 4

-physical
-microbial
-metabolic
-psychological

Question 5

How do animals handle health challenges?

Answer 5

-sensitive pain receptors
-stable social grouping
-barriers to entry e.g skin
-maintain hygiene
-immune system + gut
-tissue + wound healing

Question 6

How does Domestication of animals increase challenges to animal health?

Answer 6

-crowding + mixing
-stress
-selective breeding
-high production levels
-artificial feeding + housing e.g artificial light has -ve effects
-barren environments

Question 7

How can infection be prevented on a group level?

Answer 7

-biosecurity
-hygiene, disinfection
-vaccination
-antibiotic treatment

Question 8

How can infection be prevented on an animal level?

Answer 8

-physical barriers
-chemical barriers
-immunological barriers

Question 9

How do infections spread?

Answer 9

-breathing contaminated air
-eating contaminated food
-handling infected material
-contacting infected people
-contacting infected soil and water

Question 10

What is biosecurity?

Answer 10

A set of practical measures to prevent the spread of disease on and between farms. Some diseases are zoonotic, meaning the disease can be transferred between animals and humans. Setting up a biosecurity management plan helps to protect everyone on farm as well as your stock

Question 11

How to prevent getting infected by contaminated air?

Answer 11

Choosing a site for premises
- distance from neighbours
- disease status of neighbours
- direction and speed of wind
- windbreaks
- controlled ventilation indoors
- air filter in labs

Question 12

How to prevent getting infected by contaminated food?

Answer 12

-don’t feed animal products to food producing animals
-good food hygiene
-pest proof food stores

Question 13

How to prevent

Question 14

How to prevent getting infected by contaminated water?

Answer 14

-mains water
-check source of other water courses
-fresh and clean water, free from fertilisers, pesticides etc

Question 15

How to prevent infection from infected materials?

Answer 15

-bedding that is regularly removed and changed
-hygiene
-farm vehicle policy
-farm visitor policy- free of recent animal contact
- shower in and out

Question 16

How to prevent getting infected from infected animals?

Answer 16

-good fencing prevents contact
-control wildlife contact
-stock replacement policy- closed herd
- known source
- quarantine new stock

Question 17

What are the functions of the skin and scales?

Answer 17

Protection from:
-mechanical injury
-invasion of pathogens
-desiccation
-absorption of toxic substances
-radiation

Regulation
-fluid
-vitamin d

Sensation
-hot, cold, touch, pain

Question 18

What are the challenges to skin integrity?

Answer 18

Physical
-scratch, grazes, bruises, cuts
-pressure sores, ulcers
-puncture

Thermal
-burns
-frostbite

Question 19

How does the skin respond to trauma?

Answer 19

Defensive
-inflammatory response

Reparative
-renews integrity of surface barrier
-lead to excess fibrous tissue, scar

Question 20

What is the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Answer 20

1. haemostasis
2. inflammation

Immediate-5 days

Question 21

What is the process of haemostasis in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Answer 21

1. Sealing blood vessels to stop further blood loss
   - damage to endothelium of blood vessels
   - collagen layer exposed
   - attracts platelets which adhere
   - liberate serotonin and other vasoconstrictor agents
   - construction of the vessel
   - formation of temporary plug of platelets
2. Conversion of temporary plug into a clot
   -platelets bind together by fibrin
   -fibronogen converted into fibrin in a cascade of reactions
   -inactive factor XII in blood activated by exposure to collagen
   -active factor XII, XI, IX, VIII, Factor X
   -factor X and factor V + Ca + platelet lipids catalyzes prothrombin to thrombin
   -thrombin catalyses fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 22

What is the process of inflammation in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Answer 22

-platelets release factors which attract white blood cells
-WBC (neutrophils and macrophages) remove debris from wound and release GF attracting fibroblasts from surrounding tissue
-WBC ingested Hb from red blood cells converted to other compounds (e.g haemosiderin and haematoidin) giving greenish, yellow colour of bruises

Question 23

What does a lack of clotting of factor VIII cause?

Answer 23

Haemophilia

Question 24

What is clotting inside blood vessels called?

Answer 24

Thrombosis

Question 25

What is the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Answer 25

1.granulation (fibroblasts lay bed of collagen + fills defect and produces new capillaries) 2.contraction (wound edges pull together) 3.epithelialisation (new epithelium crosses moist surface) Lasts 2 days to 3 weeks

Question 26

What happens in granulation in the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Answer 26

-fibroblasts synthesise collagen -cavity slowly filled by newly formed tissue growing upwards from its depths -granulation tissue composed of leucocytes. fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells

Question 27

What happens in contraction and epithelialisation in the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Answer 27

-immune cells and exudate migrate outwards into wound forming pus in wound cavity -provides outward irrigating fluid and anti bacterial substances carrying away bacteria -tissue gradually grows up from the bottom of the wound until cavity is filled -epithelium grows out over the up growing granulation tissue to re-establish continuity of skin -collagen fibres initially fine but coarsen, strengthen and shorten over time (causes puckering of scar)

Question 28

What happens in the maturation or remodeling phase of wound healing?

Answer 28

-new collagen forms to increase tensile strength -scar tissue only 80% as strong as original tissue

Question 29

What are the 3 phases of wound healing?

Answer 29

1. Inflammatory phase 2. Proliferative phase 3. Maturation or remodeling phase

Question 30

What are forms of assisted wound healing?

Answer 30

Apply pressure Use cold water Cover with ointments Chemicals as topical agents Stitch, suture, staple, glue