Concepts of Physiology + Transport Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
The biological levels of organization
A
- Atom
- Molecules
- Cells
- Tissue
- Organs
- Organs Systems
- Organisms
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
2
Q
Refers to different organisms within the same species
A
Population
3
Q
Refers to the interaction of different populations
A
Community
4
Q
Collective term for different communities
A
Ecosystem
5
Q
Refers to the collective external condition of a system
A
Environment
6
Q
Environmental condition inside the body (Such as solutes, pH)
A
Internal Environment
7
Q
Environmental condition outside the body (Such as temperature, gas levels, air pressure, salinity)
A
External Environment
8
Q
Organisms that depend on external environment for body temperature
A
Conformers
9
Q
Organisms that maintain an internal temperature
A
Regulator
10
Q
Refers to the maintenance of internal conditions in the face of external conditions
A
Homeostasis
11
Q
Response against a stimuli
A
Negative Feedback Loop
12
Q
Response propagates the stimuli
A
Positive Feedback Loop
13
Q
Homeostasis Pathway
A
- Stimuli
- Set Point (Detects)
- Receptor (receives)
- Afferent Pathway (Passes info to the Integrating System)
- Integrating System (Produces the appropriate response)
- Efferent Pathway (Relays the response to the Effector Organ)
- Effector Organ (Carries out the Response)
- Response
14
Q
Stimulates the cervix to contract, released by the pituitary gland
A
Oxytocin
15
Q
Reversible short term changes
A
Acute Changes
16
Q
Reversible long term changes
A
Chronic Changes
17
Q
Animal physiology or morphology changes as a result to its environment (Genetic changes due to environmental pressure)
A
Evolutionary Changes
18
Q
Changes caused by organism’s aging
A
Developmental Changes
19
Q
Causes periodic changes occurring in repeating patterns
A
Body Clock
20
Q
Shorter term changes in response to the environment due to an environmental pressure
A
Acclimation
21
Q
Longer term changes in response to the environment due to multiple environmental pressures
A
Acclimatization
22
Q
When the animal anatomy and physiology matches its environment
A
Adaptation
23
Q
3 main environmental parameters
A
- Temperature
- Oxygen
- Water and Solutes
24
Q
Random movement of particles in solution from areas of high concentration to low concentration
A
Diffusion
25
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
26
How much energy you would need to expend to pull water. Defines as the sum of the Solute Potential, Hydrostatic Potential, and Gravitational Potential
Water Potential
27
Direction of which water moves based on water potential
From positive to negative
28
Factor for water potential. It is a measure of how much pressure would be needed to prevent the diffusion of water. It is always negative and decreases with increasing solute concentration
Solute Potential/Osmotic Potential
29
Factor for water potential. It is a measure of how much pressure is being exerted on the cell wall due to water
Hydrostatic Potential (Turgor Pressure)
30
Occurs when the water potential of two regions are equal
Equilibrium (No net movement of water)
31
All parts of the plant cell minus the cell wall
Protoplast
32
Caused by water loss. The plant begins to limp due to water loss
Wilting
33
The stage where water begins to move out of the cell. It is at this point at which the protoplast has lost enough water to pull slightly away from the cell
Incipient Plasmolysis
34
Refers to a cell that is shrunk inside the cell wall
Plasmolyzed
35
Mechanism of water balance caused by gradient in water vapor concentration. Mainly makes use of the stomata
Transpiration
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Mechanism of water balance driven by pressure gradients/ Mainly makes use of the vascular tissues xylem and phloem
Long Distance Transport
37
Mechanism of water balance in response to water potential gradient across tissues. Mainly makes use of the cell wall and plasmodesmata
Transport Through Cell Layers
38
The maximum amount of water a soil can hold
Field Capacity
39
Movement of fluids through narrow spaces using intermolecular forces, without the help of external forces
Capillary Action
40
Refers to how easily water can pass through
Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
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Best soil type for plants
Loam
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Part of the plant that increases the surface area of the roots to help extract more water and nutrients
Root Hair
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Part of the plant which is the outer protective tissue layer that prevents infection and water loss. It also regulates gas exchange and secretion
Epidermis
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Part of the plant that is mainly for storage, transport, and structure. It is underneath the outer layers
Cortex
45
Part of the plant that is the region of transport tissues
Stele
46
Part of the plant which separates the inner tissues from the outer tissues. Helps regulate the movement of water, ions, and hormones into and out of the vascular system
Endodermis
47
Part of the plant that supports, protects, and functionally assists xylem and phloem cells. It also regulates lateral root growth, and stimulates secondary growth
Pericycle
48
Vascular plant tissue that primarily transports food products such as sucrose. Mainly makes use of two-way transport (Translocation)
Phloem
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Vascular plant tissue that primarily transports water. Mainly makes use of passive transport
Xylem
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Part of the plant that protects the root apical meristem
Root Cap
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Part of the plant that is a region of actively dividing undifferentiated cells resulting in primary growth
Apical Meristem
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Covers mature roots that make it relatively impermeable to water
Exodermis (Composed of Suberin or Lignin, replaces the Epidermis in stressed or damaged plants) or Hypodermis (May also serve as water storage)
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Plant water transport pathway which is a fast passive transport from the root to the xylem through the cell wall. Makes use of diffusion and mostly unregulated except by Casparian Strips
Apoplast Pathway
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Plant water transport pathway which is a selective regulated pathway where water and solutes move across each cell membrane through the help of aquaporins and membrane transporters
Transmembrane Pathway
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Plant water transport pathway which is a selectively regulated pathway where water or solutes moves across the cytoplasm of cells through the usage of plasmodesmata
Symplast Pathway
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Process where plants release excess water and other substances from pores. Caused by high root pressure and low transpiration rates
Guttation
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Created by guttation
Dewdrops
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Elongated and spindle-shaped cells that are arranged in overlapping vertical files. Have pits that allow for the movement of water. An element of xylem
Tracheids
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Short and wide cells that have perforated ends that allow the vessel members to be stacked end to end. The open-end walls provide a fast low-resistance pathway for water transport. An element of xylem
Vessel Elements
60
Water at the top of the tree develops a large negative hydrostatic pressure that pulls the water through the xylem. The negative water potential is caused by transpiration of water in the leaves
Cohesion-Tension Theory of Sap Ascent
61
Refers to when air is pulled through the microscopic pores of the xylem due to increasing water tension
Air Seeding
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Caused by air seeding. It is the formation of bubbles decreasing the effectiveness of the water column
Cavitation
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Caused by cavitation, it is the complete blockage of the water column
Embolism
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Adaptations for Cavitation/Embolism
- The gas bubbles cannot easily pass through the small pores of the pit membranes
- The interconnected capillaries also create a detour. Water can move away from the blocked point by travelling through neighboring, connected conduits
- Gas bubbles can be eliminated from the xylem (usually at night) when the transpiration is low and xylem ψp increases
- Production of new xylem ensures a steady supply of new functional pathways for water conduction
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This causes tension (negative pressure) in the leaves which pulls the water up the xylem
Evaporation in Leaves
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To overcome gravity and friction, the water potential of plant tissues receiving water must be at least ____ MPa more negative than that of roots for every 10 meters of height separating them
~0.2 MPa
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Process by which plants release water to the atmosphere
Transpiration/Evapo-transpiration
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Amount of "absorbed" water lost through transpiration
90-95%
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For most plants, the stomata are opened during this time
The Day
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Plants that have their stomata open during the night
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plants
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Appears to triggers the opening of plant stomata
Blue Light
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Temperature range at which the stomatal aperture is increased in size
20-30 C
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Drought stress causes the release of this hormone which causes the guard cells to close the stomatal pore
Absicisic Acid
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An example of Drought Avoidance where these small plants live their entire life cycle in just a few weeks when conditions are favorable
Desert Ephemerals
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An example of Drought Tolerance where these plants are adapted to live though dry periods
Succulent Plants
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Refers to having a body water content that changes with habitat moisture
Poikilohydry
77
Describes the movement of water from the soil, to the plant, to the atmosphere
Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum
