Concepts Review Exam II

Question 0

Steps to the general research process

Answer 0

1. Develop question
2. Generate hypothesis
3. Form operational definitions
4. Choose a design
5. Evaluate ethical issues
6. Analyze and interpret data
7. Report results

Question 1

What are the 4 goals of the scientific method?

Answer 1

Description
Prediction
Explanation
Application

Question 2

What is a construct?

Answer 2

Concept being measured

Question 3

Difference between basic and applied research?

Answer 3

Basic research seeks to understand behavior while applied research seeks to improve the situation

Question 4

Inclusion/exclusion concerning samples

Answer 4

In: criteria to give researchers a set of standards for potential participants

Ex: help researchers eliminate candidates

Question 5

Random assignment

Answer 5

Participants randomly assigned to any given group

Question 6

Power

Answer 6

Probability that a false null hypothesis will be rejected

Question 7

Representative concerning samples

Answer 7

Sample must be representative of the pop

Question 8

What is external/ecological validity?

Answer 8

The extent to which results can be extended to the population

Question 9

What are confounds and how do experiments try to eliminate them?

Answer 9

Variable that accidentally covaries with another

Only manipulate 1 variable at a time

Question 10

Cleaning the data

Answer 10

Examine ranges for each variable

Question 11

Searching for outliers

Answer 11

Very high or low data that appear unusual

Question 12

Scoring data

Answer 12

Assessing accuracy

Convert from raw to scored values

Question 13

Creating composite variables

Answer 13

Combine across measures

Question 14

Evaluating normality

Answer 14

Bell curve

Question 15

Skew

Answer 15

Distorted to one side

Question 16

Kurtosis

Answer 16

The peakedness of a measure

Question 17

Why does sample size matter?

Answer 17

Q

Question 18

Define variance

Answer 18

How much variability exists in the data

Question 19

What does NHST stand for?

Answer 19

Null hypothesis testig

Question 20

Null hypothesis

Answer 20

Independent variable has no effect; difference between the two groups statistically insignificant

Question 21

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 21

The IV does not have an effect on the DV, there is a difference between groups

Question 22

Type I error

Answer 22

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually TRUE

Question 23

Type II error

Answer 23

Failing to reject the null when it is actually FALSE.

Question 24

P-value

Answer 24

The probability of the effect occurring by chance

Question 25

Effect size

Answer 25

Helps you tell that you've made an error Helps determine worth of pilot study Mostly ind of sample size

Question 26

What is NHST based on?

Answer 26

Probability

Question 27

Can NHST prove or disprove a hypothesis?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

Most common reason for type II error?

Answer 28

Usually small sample size

Question 29

Most common reason for type I errror?

Answer 29

Running many analyses

Question 30

How does effect size relate to the p value?

Answer 30

Q

Question 31

How does power relate to p value?

Answer 31

O

Question 32

Cohens d Measures what? What represents S M L?

Answer 32

Measures effect size S= .20 M= .50 L= .80

Question 33

Pearsons R

Answer 33

What are the possible opportunities available for reporting?

Question 34

Why do we need to report our findings?

Answer 34

Communicate to community

Question 35

What are the possible opportunities available for reporting?

Answer 35

Research conference | Psych research journal

Question 36

What does the term peer review mean?

Answer 36

A

Question 37

What is the formula for power?

Answer 37

1- beta

Question 38

Power + beta = ?

Answer 38

1, or 100%

Question 39

What is beta?

Answer 39

% chance of a type II error

Question 40

What type of error is the worst?

Answer 40

I

Question 41

Can you determine power from NHST? Effect size?

Answer 41

No | Yes

Question 42

What is alpha

Answer 42

Significance level, p value, possibility that results occurred by chance

Question 43

Measures of dispersion/variability

Answer 43

Describe the degree of dispersion of numbers in the distribution SD Range

Question 44

Structure of APA reports

Answer 44

``` Title page Abstract Intro Method Results Discussion References Footnotes Tables/figures Appendices ```

Question 45

Title page | Includes?

Answer 45

``` What research is about Who did it Where it was done Heading Author note ```

Question 46

Abstract What is it? Includes?

Answer 46

Concise one paragraph summary of content/purpose | Includes problem, method, major findings, conclusions

Question 47

Introduction | 3 primary objectives?

Answer 47

Introduce problem being studied and importance Summarize literature background Describe purpose and design, hypothesis

Question 48

Method Includes? Needs what?

Answer 48

Describe participants, materials, procedure | Needs to be very organized

Question 49

Results What is included? What's not included?

Answer 49

Includes summary statistics and inferential Tables and figures important Does not include raw data like individual scores

Question 50

Three steps to results section?

Answer 50

State purpose of analysis Identify descriptive statistic to summarize Present summary of the statistic across conditions

Question 51

Discussion

Answer 51

Compare and contrast results Propose additional research that could be done Summery of major results

Question 52

References

Answer 52

Journal articles Books Chapters in edited books Internet sources

Question 53

Footnotes

Answer 53

Numbered consecutively, separate from references section

Question 54

Appendices

Answer 54

Raw data, copy of instructions to participants, printout of analysis, etc