Conciousness & Sleep

Question 1

What is sleep?

Answer 1

non waking consciousness

The most common form of altered consciousness.

Question 2

What are the normal characteristics of sleep?

Answer 2

Minimal moving
Stereotypical posture
High degree of stimulation to arouse

Question 3

Why do all humans require sleep?

Answer 3

As a way of restoring energy.

Question 4

What a circadian rhythms?

Answer 4

The eb and flo of the sleep wakefulness cycle.

A cyclical biological process that evolved around the daily cycle of light and dark.

Question 5

What largely controls circadian rhythms?

Answer 5

The hypothalamus.

Though also light and dark.

Question 6

What are sleeps functions?

Answer 6

Consolation of the days memories
Energy conservation
Restoring of bodily functions.

Question 7

What are the effects of extreme sleep deprivation?

Answer 7

Lowered immune defense
Irritability
Accidents
Hallucinations
More susceptibility to mental illness
low employment functioning
more likelihood of car accidents.

Question 8

Stage 1 Sleep?

Answer 8

Theta Waves, which are slower - Only lasting a few minutes.
Physiological changes accompany this shift from drowsiness to sleep.
The body is brought into a state of calm.

Question 9

Stage 2 Sleep?

Answer 9

Theta waves, slightly larger - low amp spindles and high amp k complexes - sleep deepens
Alpha waves disappear.

Question 10

Stage 3 Sleep?

Answer 10

Delta Waves, large slow rhythmic delta waves.

Question 11

Stage 4 Sleep?

Answer 11

When 50% of the brain waves are delta.

Question 12

What characterizes stage three and four sleep?

Answer 12

relaxed muscles, decreased rate of respiration, lower body temp.
Muscles rest and rejuvenate.

Question 13

How do REM sleep and NREM sleep differ?

Answer 13

The stages cycle through one another in reverse order.
Instead of waking the person enters REM sleep which is characterized by the darting of the eyes.
Faster pulsating respiration
higher sex drive
pulse and blood pressure quickened.
Autonomic activity increased in relaxed muscles.
EEG waves resemble that of an awake brain
Dreaming occurs in REM sleep

Question 14

Once a cycle is complete where does it start again at?

Answer 14

Stage 2

Question 15

How long does a cycle take?

Answer 15

90 minutes.

Question 16

What is hypersomnia?

Answer 16

excessive sleep resulting in daytime sleepiness.

Question 17

What is insomnia?

Answer 17

The inability to sleep.

Question 18

What are the three categorizations of insomnia?

Answer 18

Initial
Middle
Early morning

Question 19

What are some sleep disorders?

Answer 19

Nightmares
Night Terrors
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy

Question 20

What is the psychodynamic perspective on dreaming?

Answer 20

All dreams have meaning and can be interpreted.
unconscious processes are associative processes linked by association not logic.
Manifest and latent content
The underlying meaning of every dream is an unconscious wish - usually sexual or forbidden, wishes or fears.

Question 21

What is the cognitive perspective on dreaming?

Answer 21

Cognitive constructions that reflect the concerns and metaphors of waking life.
a form of thought.
A problem solving mechanism
represent the concerns of people in an unusual way.
Rely on the same metaphors as conscious thought processes however are unrestrained.during sleep.

Question 22

According the the cognitive perspective, what do dreams contain that needs to be interpreted?

Answer 22

A grammar - Dreams are not the reflection of unconscious wishes, rather expressions od current concerns expressed through a particular language, contructed through the latent content.

Question 23

What is the biological perspective of dreaming?

Answer 23

A biological phenom with no meaning at all.

Cortical interpretations of random signals received by the midbrain during REM sleep.

Question 24

What is meant by altered state of consciousness?

Answer 24

The usual ways of perceiving, thinking, and feeling are modified or disrupted.

Question 25

What are the characteristics of meditation?

Answer 25

A deep state of tranquility, altering the normal flow of conscious thoughts, shuts down the normal flow of self conscious dialog. Can produce similar EEG waves to sleeping.

Question 26

What are the characteristics of hypnosis?

Answer 26

An altered state of consciousness not a non waking consciousness like sleep. Same alpha waves as being awake even in a deep trance. Hypnosis taps into the unconscious as seen in memory recall. A state of deep relaxation and suggestibility. An altered sense of time and self. A lack of control of body movements and perception of the world.

Question 27

What is hypnosis not?

Answer 27

It is not sleep It cannot weaken moral attitudes People always wake from hypnosis.

Question 28

Who are best suited to hyonotisability?

Answer 28

People who are imaginative young people trauma victims those who report ESP experiences.

Question 29

Describe the different hypnotic states and their prevalence

Answer 29

Hypnoidal state - Lighted trance and achieved by everyone Light trance - Achieved by 95% of people. Medium trance - Achieved by 75% of people. Deep Trance - Achieved by 25% of people Somnambulism - Achieved only by 2%

Question 30

What is the observer role?

Answer 30

People go back in time during a regression from a vantage point of their current age.

Question 31

What is re-vilification?

Answer 31

The subject relives the events of trauma.

Question 32

What other phenom have been observed in subjects under hypnosis?

Answer 32

Automatic writing.

Question 33

What is the hidden observer?

Answer 33

The presence of a secondary observer during hypnosis. Acting independently of the hypnotized consciousness. The hypnotized consciousness and the hidden observer are oblivious to each others presence.

Question 34

Why is the use of hypnosis to recover lost memories controversial?

Answer 34

As they have been pressed for a reason.

Question 35

What brain structures are involved during REM sleep?

Answer 35

The amygdala is active which explains the emotional content of dreams. The frontal circuits involved in critical thinking and social judgement are off that would explain the bizarre story line of dreams. Dreaming involves a neurologically distinct mechanism that is different from waking mechanisms.