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Bot Med 3 > Condensed Nagel > Flashcards

Condensed Nagel Flashcards

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1
Q

what are isolated constituents

A

separated out phytochemicals

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2
Q

what are simplified fractions

A

aka isolated constituents: standardized extracts and volatile oils

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3
Q

what is a native extract

A

The primary soluble portion of phytochemicals removed from the herb by a liquid solvent and or heat and or pressure, used to draw multiple types of compounds out of herb tissue matrix and into solution. Quality at the beginning of product.

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4
Q

part of creating an herbal formula by the Hollywood method

A

screen writer, star (primary medicinal herb), supporting actors (2nd or co primary herb), behind the scenes case (supporting background herbs), director (activators, harmonizers), producer

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5
Q

basic guidelines for preventing possible tincture incompatibilities

A
  • Certain things to consider: polarity, pH, solubility, precipitation, temp, solvent used, solvent %
  • You want alcohol content similar (low with low, not low with high)
  • Do not add too many herbs
  • Needs to taste good
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6
Q

alkaloid tinctures

A

precipitated by tannins, more water soluble at acidic pH, oil soluble at alkaline pH

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7
Q

what’s good for stabilizing tannins?

A

glycerin

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8
Q

essential oil tinctures

A

they float to the top with water, need to emulsify or put in veg oils/other oils

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9
Q

mucilage and polysaccharide tinctures

A

fall out of alco > 25%

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10
Q

basic tincuture methods

A

made according to the ratio of WEIGHT OF HERB to VOLUME

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11
Q

what is a menstuum (for tinctures)

A

liquid solvent that you use to extract plant constituents from an herb (water extracts but not good solvent) most often alcohol is used, also glycerin

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12
Q

General Alcohol % for tinctures

A

Alcohol % is based on best ratio for total extraction of medicinal agents
-When in doubt 45%

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13
Q

How to extract polysacc or starch

A

in water infusion/decoction

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14
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of alkaloids

A

75-95%

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15
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Glycosides

A

In alcohol + water 60-85%

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16
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Tannins

A

60-85%

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17
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Resins

A

85-95%

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18
Q

Alcohol % for tinctures of Essential Oils

A

85-95%

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19
Q

what is maceration good for

A

cheap, easy but can take a long time. Good for mucilages

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20
Q

about percolation

A

fast and easy but need special equipment

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21
Q

fresh plant tincture info

A

inherent dilution because you are getting moisture from plant and require a lot of menstrum

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22
Q

advantages and disadvantages of tinctures

A
  • Adv: constituents efficiently extracted with minimal processing, alc preserves, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile
  • Dis: contain alc- health and religious concerns, compliance issues, cost issues
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23
Q

herbs considered at risk

A

o •American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
o •Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa (Cimicifuga)
o •Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
o •Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
o •Echinacea - Echinacea spp.
o •Eyebright - Euphrasia spp.
o •False UnicornRoot - Chamaelirium luteum
o •Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis
o •Lady’s Slipper Orchid - Cypripedium spp.
o •Lomatium - Lomatium dissectum Debatable according to Micheal Pilarski
o •Osha - Ligusticum porteri, L. spp.
o •Peyote - Lophophora williamsii
o •Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra
o •Sundew - Drosera spp.
o •Trillium, Beth Root -Trillium spp.
o •True Unicorn - Aletris farinosa
o •Venus’ Fly Trap - Dionaea muscipula
o •Virginina Snakeroot - Aristolochia serpentaria
o •Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa, D. spp.
o A lot of them are Appelacian herbs

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24
Q

importance and effect of sugar on cardiovascular health

A

o Sugar is a big problem- hepatotoxin

o Fructose- promotes metabolic syndrome

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25
basic cardiovascular herbal activity terms and definitions
o Cardiotonic= herbs with beneficial action on heart and bld vessels but NO cardiac glycosides o Circulatory stimulant= improves bld flow thru body tissues, warming o Peripheral vasodilator= dilates peripheral bld vessels and improves circulation o Hypotensive= reduces BP
26
Commonly used herbs for lipid disorders
``` o Allium (garlic) o Guggul (Commiphora mukul) o Cynara (artichoke) o Trigonella (fenugreek)- one of Dr. Nagels favs o Monascus (red rice yeast) ```
27
commonly used herbs for hypertension
``` o Tonic and low dose herbs o Crataegus o Tilia (Ocimum) o Beta vulgaris (beets) o Ginkgo o Allium o Ocimum o Olive leaf o Melissa o leonurus ```
28
herbal diuretics
o Sildago, uva-ursi, equisetum, galium, juniperus
29
why beets are useful in hypertension
``` o Vasodilation o Beta vulgaris o Long used for lv tonic and food o Powerful NO stimulator, lower BP, DJD o Contains nitrates ```
30
genius and energetic keys to Crataegus
``` o Rosaceae (rose family) o Energetics: balance, profound strength and openness, dorrway to underworld ```
31
important dosing and toxicity of Rauwolfia (low dose)
o Actions and potential side effects- dose dependent o Uses: snake bites o Know about DOSING! o Know SE slide- small to moderates doses0 D, nasal congestion, larger doses for tx of psychosis can cause Parkinson like symptoms ♣ Warning when treating patient with mental depression
32
Monascus purpureus
= Red Rice Yeast o Species of mold o Fermented food in chian that makes statins o Does not treat underlying cause but a way to get people off statin drugs- dec cholesterol
33
Cynara scolymus
= artichoke leaf o Caffeic acid derrivative (cynarin) o Very bitter
34
Commiphora mukul
= Guggul o Resin o Anti-hyperlipidemia o Great first aid remedy ON CUTS- forms bandage on wound
35
Trigonella foenum -.graecum
= Fenugreek o Dr Nagels favorite for lipid problems o High soluble fiber o For managing both types of DM
36
Allium sativum
= garlic ♣ Alliin- very volatile and potent when garlic is crushed. Degrades after 20-30 minutes ♣ Take with food and fats
37
Crataegus monogyna
``` = hawthorne o Tonic herb o For HTN, with NO CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES o For the heart o Do not use with hypotensive meds ```
38
Viscum album
= mistletoe | -sedative, hypotensive, vasodilator
39
Rauwolfia serpentina
= indian snakeroot o LOW DOSE HERB o Hypotensive (one of the biggest hypotensive herbs), sedative, tranquilizer o Contains reserpine
40
drop/low dosing
small amt, 1-5 gtts
41
western dosing
moderate amts of medicine, 30-60 gtts
42
european dosing
higher pharm amts of plant constituents, 5 mls TID
43
important naturopathic concerns about using toxic botanicals.
``` o high quality is important o choose a good supplier o ask for assayed levels of potent components o consider intarctions with compounding o toxicity is always about dosing o small window of error ```
44
important signs of overdosing and toxicity with the solanaceous alkaloids (deadly nightshades)
``` o Mydriasis (pupil dilation) o Inc intra-ocular pressure) o Reduction in all bodily secretions o Inhibit vagus nerve= tachycardia o Inc CO and Inc BL o Reduced tone in smm mm= vasdilation o Bronchial dilation o Reduced peristalsis o Dipolia o fibrillation ```
45
important steps for treating overdose with toxic botanicals and basic life support methods for overdosing.
o Contact emergency services, poison control o CPR o Minimize absorption of toxin- induce vomit within 1 hour or less (if non corrosive) ♣ Ipecac syrup o Gastric lavage +/- activated charcoal (30-50 gms in water slurry) o Precipitations of alkaloidal toxins with tannins: black tea, coffee, uva ursi, oak bark (ex- aconite, bell, datura, hyos)
46
what is lobelia for
o vomiting, for blocked nerve energy. Helps in a day or 3 days ♣ stop smoking, for asthma ♣ nicotinic receptors- safer for tobacco users because those rec are stimulated more- can increase dose for smokers
47
what happens if someone takes too much of a toxic herb
charcoal slurry, basic CPR guidelines
48
dram to gtts
one dram = 60 gtts
49
oz to gtts
1 oz = 480 gtts
50
minim to water
1 minim = 1 drop water
51
On average, 45% tinctures has how many gtts per average drop of water
2.4 gtts per average drop of water
52
drop to mls
1 drop = 0.06 mls
53
Lobelia inflata
= puke weed o Most useful o Toxicity- vomit, weakness, stupor, tremors, pinpoint pupils o Dosing: ♣ emetic dose: 1 tsp of drY herb in 1 glass of water (boiling makes it inactive) ♣ Seeds most active, green plant tincture and vinegar used more for asthma ♣ Tincture: 1:8 60% EtOH dried, 1.6ml TID ♣ General rule: mo more than 10% lobelia in any formula
54
Aconitum nap
= wolfsbane o Based on aspect of fear,death great restlessness o At first signs of death o One of the most toxic, small amt stimulates but large amt depresses then kills
55
Gelsemium sempervirens
for HTN
56
Atropa belladonna
o narcotic, sedative, resp spasmolytic, anodyne o to treat GI disturbances o must give physostigmine 2mg IV to treat toxicity
57
Bryonia alba
o Bryonia: homeopathically, herbally= both fall in line o Anti-hypertensive formula, diaphoretic o Contain curcurbitacins- relax sm mm
58
Veratrum virde
o low dose veratrum: masturbation, pinpoint pupils o For HTN o LILY FAMILY o Acts similar to aconite- for full pulse, cough, HA, wt in epigastrium, rapid heart, convulsive conditions
59
common herbal treatments for pain by NDs
botanical analgesics, anti-inflammatory analgesics
60
botanical analgesics
salicylate containing herbs
61
anti-inflammatory analgesics
``` ♣ Non- calicylate containing in general ♣ Hypnotic/spasmodic analgesics • Smooth m and relaxing, antispasmodics ♣ Topical analgesics • Localized tx, less digestive issues ♣ Centrally Acting (CNS)/ Low dose herbs • Opiod and non opiod, sign side effects ```
62
use of Salix, the pharmacodynamics and dosing.
``` o Willow- not acetylated so activated thru DIGESTION. Then circulated thru the system- bipases what NSAIDS cannot- poor digestion o Does not offend the platelets o Can thin the blood but not like drugs o Salicin o Lots of research about it ```
63
best herbs and methods for topical pain relief
o Arnica- acute onset. Both homeopathically and herbal. As tincture, low dose o Wintergreen – oil, salicylate, absorbed in bldstrm, kidney problems, tiger balm, issue- sources o Capsicum: inhib substance P, hot at beginning but then after time it doesn’t burn as much, potential SE- other membranes affected,
64
how the berries affect pain and inflammation
o Tart Cherries- also for gout, as effective as NSAIDS. Have to take long term for a positive effect o Fruit will work for inflammation o Black raspberry: anticancer effects ♣ 50gms freeze dried for cancer
65
Salix spp
= willow o Contain salicylates (salicin)- bitter o Note: more anagesic than aspirin and fewer side effects. Great at weining people off of prescription analgesics
66
Harpogophytum procumbens
= devils claw | o Pain due to inflamm, arthr, myalgia
67
Tanacetum parthenium
= feverfew | -for migraine prevention and HA, jt pain and arthritis
68
Boswellia serrata
for inflammatory conditions of joints and bowels
69
cimicifuga
cramp bark
70
curcuma longa
tumeric
71
zingiber officinale
ginger
72
prunus cerasus
tart cherries
73
rubus fruiticosus
blackberry
74
rubus occidentalis
black raspberry
75
common actions needed to treat allergies, sinusitis, otitis, conjunctivitis and pharyngitis.
anti-microbial, adrenal support, mucolytic, anti-inflamm, antitussive, astringents, bronchodilator, demulcents, decongestant, expectorant: soothing/irritating, immunomod, lymphogogue, nutritive
76
Seasonal allergy herbal actions
antimicrobials, astringent, immunodilators, decongestants, anticatarral, adaptogens o Sinusitits: HEMP Formula
77
how freeze drying of nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas.
o Preserve the stinging hairs! o Stinging hairs are intact: 5-HTP. Still has its effects o Prevents degradation of fresh plant material. o Stops enzymatic conversions during drying.
78
basics of freeze drying.
o Changes the form of the plant. Solid to gas without liquid phase. It is fresh in the dried form o Stabilizes herbs: freeze in compressor- air is sucked out
79
indications and contraindications of using herbal ear drops
``` o Herbal Ear drops o Visualize ear drum o 2-4 drops of warm oil not cold, o Morning and night with cotton. o Watch for bloody discharge or pus o Not with patients with ruptured drums or myringotomy ```
80
Euphrasia officinalis
= ma Huang o Euphrasia- hard to get, name “eyebright”, substitute mullein flowers for it o Euphedra Ma Haung: banned- ht stimulant- wt loss, bronchiodilator (can get from Mountain rose) o For: resp bronchitis, bronchodilator, asthma, nasal congestion, obesity o Toxicity >300mg= insomnia, motor resltessness, V, inc BP tachycardia
81
hydrastis root
= goldenseal | -mucus membrane tonic, no effect on viruses, can be used topically
82
Verbascum
= mullein o Part: leaf and flowers o Soft to touch but have irritating hairs o Uses: generally for expectorant, demulcent, anti-catarrhal and vulnerary o Constit: arabinogalactans, flavenoids, iridoid monoterpenes, saponins and sterols
83
Propolis
o vegetable glue made by honeybees from resins collected on bark and buds of certain trees and balsamic plants o Constit: aromatic oils, pollen, flavonoids, Aas B vit. Abx substances o Act: antivac, antiviral, antiseptic, antifungal, antibiotic properties o Dose: the darker, the more pure- sticky and pooly sol in water
84
Lomatium dissectum
= biscuit root o Anti-biotic, anti0viral, diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-catarral, emmenagogue o Supreme lung herb- strengthens alveolar sacs o Contain coumarins and ess oil o For influenza, sweating and fever, herpes

Bot Med 3 (5 decks)

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