Conditioning Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is a Neutral Stimulus (N.S)?
A stimulus that produces no relevant response. In Pavlov’s experiment, this was the bell and in the Wizz Fizz experiment, it was the alarm.
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that produces a particular response which requires no learning therefore being automatic and naturally occurring. In Pavlov’s experiment, this was the dog food whilst in the Wizz Fizz experiment, it was the wizz fizz.
What is the Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
A response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented. In Pavlov’s experiment, this was the salivation and in the Wizz Fizz experiment, this was the scooping motion to eat the W.F.
What is the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
A stimulus that is ‘neutral’ at the start of the conditioning process but eventually elicits a very similar response to that caused by the UCS. In Pavlov’s experiment, this was the bell and in the Wizz Fizz experiment, this was the alarm.
What is the Conditioned Response (CR)?
The learned response that is produced by the CS. The CR occurs after the NS has been associated which the UCS and has become the CS. In Pavlov’s experiment, this was to salivate whilst in the Wizz Fizz experiment, this was to scoop the wizz fizz.
Explain the Classical Conditioning Process
In Phase 1 or before conditioning, the neutral stimulus produces no relevant response and the unconditioned Stimulus elicits the unconditioned response.
In Phase 2 or during conditioning, the neutral stimulus is repeatedly associated/paired with the unconditioned stimulus to produce the unconditioned response.
In Phase 3 or after conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus which produces the learnt response/conditioned response that is usually similar to the previously unconditioned response.
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning that occurs through repeated association between two (or more) different stimuli.
What is Stimulus Generalisation in Classical Conditioning?
The tendency for another stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a response that is similar, but not necessarily identical to the conditioned response.
In the Wizz Fizz experiment, stimulus generalisation may apply when the participant hears an alarm sound similar to the original one used in the experiment and makes an association between the sound and the scooping action.
What is Stimulus Discrimination in Classical Conditioning?
When an individual responds to the conditioned stimulus only but not to any other stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus.
In the Wizz Fizz experiment, stimulus discrimination occurs when a participant hears an alarm sound similar to the original one and does not make an association between the sound and the scooping action.
What is Extinction in Classical Conditioning?
The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a conditioned response that occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
In the Wizz Fizz experiment, the gradual decrease in the rate of the scooping motion when no wizz fizz is presented but the alarm sound is played.
What is Spontaneous Recovery in Classical Conditioning?
The temporary reappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented, following a rest period/extinction after the conditioned response appears to have been extinguished.
In the Wizz Fizz experiment, the temporary reappearance of the scooping motion when the wizz fizz is presented along with the alarm sound after a period of extinction.
What is Operant Conditioning?
a voluntary type of learning where the consequences of the behaviour determine the likelihood of it being performed again in the future. it proposes that an organism will tend to repeat a behaviour that has desirable consequences, or that will enable it to avoid undesirable consequences.
What is the antecedent?
the stimulus that precedes a specific behaviour, signals the probable consequences of the behaviour and therefore influences the occurrence of the behaviour.
What is behaviour?
the voluntary action that occurs in the presence of the antecedent stimulus.
what is consequence?
the environmental event that occurs immediately after the behaviour and has an effect on the occurrence of the behaviour.
What is a reinforcer? include what is a positive and negative reinforcer.
any stimulus that is presented almost immediately after behaviour association which strengthens or increases the likelihood of a response that it follows.
a positive reinforcer is a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a desired response by providing a satisfying consequence.
a negative reinforcer is any unpleasant stimulus that when removed, increases the likelihood of a desired response.
both lead to desirable consequences therefore strengthening the behaviour
What is Punishment?
the delivery of an unpleasant consequence following a response or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response, leading to undesirable con sequencing therefore weakening the behaviour.
What is response cost?
the removal of any valued stimulus, whether or not it caused the behaviour.
What is positive and negative punishment?
positive punishment is the presentation of a stimulus thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again.
negative punishment is the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing the likelihood of the response occurring again.
What is Stimulus Generalisation in Operant conditioning?
when the correct response is made to another stimulus that is similar to the stimulus which was present when the conditioned response was reinforced.
What is stimulus discrimination in operant conditioning?
when an organism makes the correct response to the original stimulus but does not respond to any other stimulus, even when the stimuli are similar.
What is extinction in operant conditioning?
the gradual decrease in strength or rate of a conditioned response following consistent non-reinforcement of the response.
What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?
after apparent extinction of the conditioned response, spontaneous recovery can occur and the organism will once again show the response in the absence of any reinforcement.
What is observational learning?
a type of learning where an individual learns by observing a model’s actions and the consequences that will follow through, thus guiding their (the individual’s) future actions.
