Conditions and assessment Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Vessels at back of the eye pale could suggest___
A
- central retinal artery occlusion
2
Q
Vessels at back of eye red could suggest___
A
- central retinal vein occlusion
3
Q
What should be used to assess epithelial loss?
A
- fluorescein drops
- cobalt blue light
4
Q
Blow out fractures on CT will have what appearance?
A
- orbital contents leaked and visible on CT
5
Q
What muscle is often trapped in a blow out fracture?
A
- inferior rectus
6
Q
What assessment should be performed with a suspected globe rupture?
A
- USS or CT
7
Q
Define hyphema?
A
- blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
8
Q
Explain sympathetic ophthalmia?
A
- penetrating injury to one eye
- exposure of intra-ocular antigens
- immune reaction in both eyes
- inflammation in both eyes
- bilateral blindness
9
Q
With intra-ocular foreign bodies what should be done?
A
- always x-ray
10
Q
A __acid/alkali___ burn is rapid penetration?
A
- alkali burn is rapid penetration
11
Q
___Acid/alkali___ burn causes coagulation of proteins?
A
- acid
12
Q
What is the management of chemical burns to the eye?
A
- check toxbase
- check pH
- irrigate
- assess with slit lamp
13
Q
On cover test what would esotropia appear like?
A
- inward movement - unchallanged
- cover test - outward
14
Q
On cover test what would exotropia appear like?
A
- outward movement - unchallanged
- cover test - eye moves inwards
15
Q
What is hypertropia
A
- visually one pupil is higher than the other
16
Q
Define emmetropia?
A
- normal
- no refractive error
17
Q
Define ametropia?
A
- refractive error present
- light focused in front or behind retina
18
Q
Define anisometropia?
A
- significant difference between right and left ametropia
19
Q
What is myopia?
A
- short sighted
20
Q
What lens is used to correct myopia?
A
- diverging lens
- negative lens
21
Q
A diverging lens may be used in what condition, and what is its affect on the size of the eye?
A
- myotopia
- eye may appear smaller
22
Q
What risks are associated with myopia?
A
- open angle glucoma
- retinal detachment
23
Q
What is hyperopia?
A
- long sighted
24
Q
What lens may be used to correct hyperopia?
A
- converging lens
- positive lens
25
What may a converging lens be used in and what may it make the eyes appear like?
- used in hyperopia
| - eyes bigger
26
What are risks associated with hyperopia?
- closed angle glaucoma
| - childhood squints
27
Difficulty seeing near objects?
- long sighted
| - hyperopia
28
Difficulty seeing far objects?
- short sighted
| - myopia
29
Define astigmatism
- rugby shape lens
| - unequal refractive powers at different meridia
30
What lens may be used to correct an astigmatism?
- cylindrical lens
31
Presbyopia?
- reduction in ability of the eye to accommodate for close work
- with age
- need for reading glasses
32
Where does the optic nerve synapse?
- synapses at the retina at the photoreceptors
33
The optic nerve is a __efferent/afferent___ nerve
- afferent
34
What are the 3C's you use to describe an optic disk?
- Contour
- Colour
- Cup
35
What does it mean to describe the contour of an optic disk?
- can you draw a nice circle around the optic disk to separate from the retina
36
What colour is the optic disk normally?
- orange/pink
37
What is the cup diameter determined by?
- optic nerve diameter
| - number of nerve fibres
38
What would glaucoma appear like on fundoscopy?
- loss of retinal ganglion fibres
| - cupped nerve
39
What would a swollen nerve appear like on fundoscopy?
- loss of contour
- may have haemorrhages
- no cup visible
40
Disk drusen may appear as what on USG?
- B scan
| - calcium deposits
41
What are some potential causes of a pale optic disk?
- loss of myelin
- infarction (arthritis)
- inflammation
- compression
- ethambutol
- vitamin B12 deficiency
42
What drug may cause a pale optic disk?
- ethambutol
43
When there is a possibility that a pale disk is related to giant cell artiritis what other questions should be asked?
- jaw pain
- scalp tenderness
- visible temporal arteries
- headaches
44
Myelinated nerves are____
- congential
| - grey/white feathery edge of optic disk
45
What muscle does CN VI control?
- Lateral rectus
46
What is the clinical signs of a VI nerve palsy?
- Lateral rectus
| - adduction of the eye (turned in)
47
What are some causes of VI nerve palsy?
- microvascular
| - Raised ICP
48
Raised ICP is associated with what nerve palsy?
- CN VI
| - Abducent
49
What muscle does CN IV supply?
- Superior oblique
50
What is the clinical signs of a CN IV nerve palsy?
- Unable to depress in adduction
| - head tilt
51
What nerve palsy is associated with a head tilt?
- CN IV
| - Loss of intorsion
52
What are causes of bilateral CN IV palsy?
- blunt trauma
53
What is the clinical signs of a CN III nerve palsy?
- down and out
54
What are the causes of a CN III nerve palsy?
- microvascular
- aneurysm (painful)
- MS
55
Define nystagmus?
- eye moves from side to side
56
What are causes of inter-nuclear ophthalmoplegia?
- MS
| - Vascular
57
Defect on the medial longitudinal fasciculus pathway may cause?
- inter-nuclear ophthalmoplegia
58
Horizontal field defects are associated with a defect in the ___eye/brain___
- eye
59
Symptoms of optic neuritis?
- pain behind the eye especially on movement
| - colour desaturation
60
Congruous vs incongruous?
- congruous defect is identical between the 2 eyes
| - incongruous differs in appearance between the 2 eyes
61
Congruent lesions are characteristic of pathology ___near eye/near occipital lobe___
- near occipital lobe
62
How many layers make up the retina?
- 10 layers
63
What are the 3 subunits of diabetic retinopathy?
- non-proliferative
- proliferative
- macular oedema
64
What signs on fundoscopy can be seen in diabetic retinopathy?
- cotton wool spots
- aneurysms
- haemorrhages
- exudate
- new vessels
- loss of pericyctes
65
New vessel formation in diabetic retinopathy is associated with what signal?
- VEGF induced
66
Which diabetic retinopathy is associated with new vessel formation?
- proliferative
67
What treatment may be used in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- laser therapy
68
What treatment may be used in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- anti VEGF
69
What is the criteria for pathologic myopia?
- axial length > 26mm
| - prescription > -8
70
Posterior vitreous detachment may have what symptoms?
- floaters
| - flashing lights
71
Central retinal artery occlusion complications?
- stroke
| - MI
72
Central retinal vein occlusion the retina will appear like what?
- red
| - hyperaemic?
73
What are some causes of sudden vision loss?
- vascular
- vitreous haemorrhage
- retinal detachment
- age related macular degeneration
- closed angle glaucoma
74
What type of glaucoma is associated with immediate/sudden vision loss?
- closed angle glaucoma
75
What are the symptoms of central retinal artery occlusion?
- sudden vision loss
| - painless
76
What is the clinical signs of a central artery occlusion in the retina?
- RAPD
| - Pale oedematous retina
77
What are potential causes of retinal central artery occlusion?
- carotid artery disease
| - emboli from the heart
78
What type of retinal artery occlusion is transient?
- Amaurosis fugax
79
What are potential causes of retinal vein occlusion?
- endothelial injury
- abnormal blood flow
- hypercoagubility
80
What are the signs on fundoscopy for retinal vein occlusion
- retinal haemorrhages
- dilated tortuous veins
- disc swelling
81
Explain ischaemic optic neuropathy?
- posterior cilliary arteries become occluded
| - infarction of the optic nerve head
82
What is the blood supply to the optic nerve head?
- posterior cilliary arteries
83
Loss of vision and floaters may be caused by what?
- vitreous haemorrhage
84
What type of age related macular degeneration is associated with sudden vision loss?
- wet
85
Explain wet age related macular degeneration?
- new blood vessels grow under retina
- leakage
- build up of pressure
- rapid central vision loss
86
What is the treatment of wet macular degeneration?
- anti-VEGF agents
87
Symptoms of closed angle glaucoma?
- sudden visual loss
- painful
- dilated pupil
88
What are some examples of gradual vision loss?
- cataracts
- open angle glaucoma
- dry age related macular degeneration
- refractive error
89
What causes cataracts?
- abnormal protein changes in lens
90
What are symptoms of cataracts?
- gradual vision loss
| - glare when night driving
91
What may be seen on fundoscopy in dry age related macular degeneration?
- drusen
| - atrophic patches
92
Signs on fundocsopy of open angle glaucoma?
- cupped disk
- visual field defect
- raised ICP
93
Bilateral optic disk swelling???
- papiloedema
| - treat as a space occupying lesion until proven otherwise
94
What are the 3 components of intracranial pressure?
- brain
- blood
- CSF
95
Scleritis is associated with what conditions?
- autoimmune dysregulation
96
Symptoms of scleritis/
- pain on eye movement
- injected vessels
- photophobia
97
Treatment of scleritis?
- NSAIDs
98
Symptoms of episcleritis
- mild pain
| - redness
99
Episcleritis is associated with what?
- idiopathic inflammation
100
Treatment of episcleritis?
- self-limiting
| - +/- NSAIDs
101
What are the 3 types of diabetic retinopathy?
- proliferative
- non-proliferative
- macular oedema
102
Fundoscopy apperance of diabetic retinopathy?
- cotton wool spots
- aneurysms
- haemorrhages
- new vessels
103
Treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- laser
104
What is subconjunctival haemorrhage?
- bleeding into the subconjunctival space
105
Recurrent subconjunctival haemorrhage what should be excluded?
- hypertension
| - bleeding disorder
106
Symptoms of acute anterior uveitis?
- red and painful eye
- photophobia
- blurred vision
107
Treatment of acute anterior uveitis?
- topical steroids
| - mydriatics
108
Blepharitis is what?
- inflamed eyelids
- burning and itching
- crusting
109
Treatment of blepharitis?
- 2-3months doxycycline
110
Stellate posterior cortical cataracts are associated with what condition?
- myotonic dystrophy
111
What is the optical involvement of neurofibromatosis?
- globe proptosis
| - Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
112
What are Lisch nodules?
- iris hamatromas
- bilateral
- associated with neurofibromatosis
113
What is the ocular involvement of thyroid eye disease?
- peri-orbital swelling
- prominent eyes
- optic neuropathy
114
Heliotrope rash on eyelids may be?
- dermatomyositis
115
Long term steroid usage may cause?
- a rise in intra-ocular pressure
