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Ophthalmology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • clear liquid
  • composed of water
  • Na+ and Cl-
  • very little protein
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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of CSF?

A
  • Mechanical protection
  • Homeostatic function
  • circulation
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3
Q

How do you clinically analyse the CSF?

A
  • Lumbar puncture

- L4/5

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4
Q

What is the ventricles of the brain embryologically formed from?

A
  • neural tube
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5
Q

What is the choroid fissure?

A
  • developing arteries invaginate the roof of the ventricles
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6
Q

Where is the choroid plexus found?

A
  • lateral ventricles (2)
  • 3rd ventricle
  • 4th ventricle
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7
Q

What is lower in CSF compared to blood?

A
  • protein
  • glucose
  • potassium
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8
Q

What is in higher concentrations in the CSF compared to blood?

A
  • Na+

- Cl-

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9
Q

What produces CSF?

A
  • Ventricles

- ependymal cells - choroid plexus

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10
Q

What is the connection between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle called?

A
  • intraventicular framing of monroe
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11
Q

What is the connection between the 3rd and 4th ventricle called?

A
  • cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
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12
Q

Where is the final destination of CSF

A
  • Subarachnoid space

- venous sinuses through arachnid granulations

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13
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A
  • protects the brain from common bacterial infections and toxins
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14
Q

Define hydrocephalus?

A
  • accumulation of CSF in the ventricular system
  • subsequent enlargement of one or more ventricles
  • increase in pressure
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15
Q

Define papilloedema?

A
  • optic disk swelling due to increased intracranial pressure transmitted to the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of papilloedema?

A
  • enlarged blind spot

- blurring or less of vision

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17
Q

What would papilloedema appear like in the fundoscope?

A
  • bulging of the optic disk
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18
Q

Where is the aqueous humour found?

A
  • between the cornea and lens
19
Q

Name a powerful antioxidant in the aqueous humour?

A
  • ascorbate
20
Q

Aqueous humour production is energy ___dependant/independant___

A
  • dependant
21
Q

Where does the aqueous humour finally drain into?

A
  • scleral venous sinus

- iridocorneal angle

22
Q

What is responsible for the production of the ions in the aqueous humour?

A
  • carbonic anhydrase
23
Q

What drug class can be used to reduce intraocular pressure as a result of a build up of aqueous humour?

A
  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
24
Q

What is the symptoms of open angle glaucoma?

A
  • gradual reduction of the peripheral vision
25
Q

What is the name given to the field of vision which is the overlap between the right and left visual field?

A
  • binocular visual field
26
Q

superior visual field is perceived by the _____

A
  • left cortex
27
Q

Where is the processing dominant neutrons in the cortex found?

A
  • level 4C
28
Q

What is the role of photoreceptors?

A
  • converts electromagnetic radiation to neural signals
29
Q

Where are cones found?

A
  • fovea
30
Q

Where are rods found?

A
  • distributed along the length
31
Q

At rest (dark) what is the membrane potential of the photoreceptors?

A
  • depolarised
32
Q

When activated (light) what is the membrane potential of the photoreceptors?

A
  • hyperpolarised

- more negative

33
Q

Explain why when it is dark the membrane potential is depolarised?

A
  • Na+ channel open
  • cGMP present
  • depolarised
34
Q

List the steps that occur when light hits the photoreceptors?

A
  • light converts 11 cis-retinal to all trans-retinal
  • signals opsin
  • G protein transduction
  • PDE hydrolyses cGMP
  • reduced concentration of cGMP
  • closes Na+ channels
  • hyperpolarisation
35
Q

Define visual acuity

A
  • ability to distinguish two nearby points

- determined largely by photoreceptors spacing and refractive power

36
Q

Where are rods less likely to be found?

A
  • fovea
37
Q

Where are cones most likely to be found in greatest numbers?

A
  • fovea
38
Q

Short wavelength cones see what colour?

A
  • blue
39
Q

Medium wavelength cones see what colour

A
  • green
40
Q

Long wavelength cones see what colour

A
  • red
41
Q

What returns CSF to the superior sagittal sinus?

A
  • arachnoid granulations
42
Q

What is the activated form of 11-cis retinal?

A
  • all trans-retinal
43
Q

__Rods / Cones___ have high convergence?

A
  • rods

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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