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Conditions Involving One Limb Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

“Nerve root signs” refers to what?

A

Lameness due to pain due to stretching/inflammation of nerve roots.

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2
Q

Monoparesis/monoplegia must be differentiated from what?

A

Lameness due to musculoskeletal disorders.

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3
Q

There is no resulting degeneration of the nerves but myelin sheaths may degenerate and it may take days to months for full functional recovery with what condition?

A

Neuropraxia

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4
Q

What is neuropraxia usually due to?

A

Loss of blood supply.

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5
Q

Temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to blockage of nerve conduction is known as what?

A

Neuropraxia/neurapraxia

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6
Q

What is the condition where there is degeneration of axons but the endoneurium and Schwann cells remain intact allowing regeneration of the axon (1 mm/day) and return of function?

A

Axonotmesis

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7
Q

What is hypesthesia?

A

An abnormally weak sense of pain, heat, cold or touch.

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8
Q

What are two clinical signs that can be seen with axonotmesis?

A
  • Paresis

- Hypesthesia

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9
Q

Complete severance of a nerve and degeneration of the distal portion and its Schwann cells is known as what?

A

Neurotmesis

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10
Q

Does regeneration usually occur with neurotmesis?

A

No

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11
Q

What are 2 clinical signs seen with neurotmesis?

A
  • Anesthesia

- Paralysis

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12
Q

What are 2 functions of peripheral nerves?

A
  • Innervate groups of muscles

- Transmit sensory information from a particular area of skin

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13
Q

There is lower motor dysfunction of the muscles and anesthesia of the skin innervated when what are injured?

A

Peripheral nerves

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14
Q

Marked and rapid muscle atrophy due to peripheral nerve damage is called what?

A

Neurogenic atrophy

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15
Q

The following clinical signs are indicative of what condition: Non-progressive LMN signs, hyp/anesthesia, hypo/areflexia, hypotonicity, neurogenic muscle atrophy?

A

Peripheral nerve injuries

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16
Q

What can be given to decrease inflammation and protect the limb while recovering from peripheral nerve injury?

A

Glucocorticoids

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17
Q

What is arthrodesis?

A

Permanent surgical immobilization of a joint.

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18
Q

If there is no nerve regeneration after 6 months, what can be done?

A

Amputation

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19
Q

Trauma that abducts the front limb and forces it caudally or cranially can cause what?

A

Brachial plexus avulsion

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20
Q

Brachial plexus avulsion can affect the ventral and dorsal nerve roots of which nerves?

A

C6-T2

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21
Q

What are 2 things the prognosis of a brachial plexus avulsion depends on?

A
  • Whether regeneration will occur

- Which nerves are involved

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22
Q

Disruption of nerve roots C8 and T1 leads to denervation of what?

A

Extensors and flexors of the elbows and carpus

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23
Q

Disruption of nerve roots C6 and C7 leads to denervation of what?

A

Extensors and flexors of the shoulder

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24
Q

Where does the lateral thoracic nerve to the cutaneous trunci muscle exit?

A

C8 and T1

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25
If the lateral thoracic nerve is involved in a brachial plexus avulsion, what might there be a loss of?
Panniculus reflex
26
Injury to T1 ventral nerve roots often damage what? | What does this result in?
- Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers | - Horner's syndrome
27
Miosis (most common), ptosis, enophthalmos and protrusion of the membrana nictitans can all be signs of what?
Horner's syndrome
28
What is miosis?
Constricted pupil
29
What is ptosis?
Weak, droopy eyelid
30
What is enophthalmus?
Inset eyeball
31
What is the general prognosis of a brachial plexus avulsion?
Guarded to poor
32
What is the best indicator of complete recovery from a brachial plexus avulsion?
Presence of deep pain in the digits.
33
Nerve sheath tumors most often (80%) occur where? | What are they associated with?
- Caudal cervical area | - Brachial plexus
34
T/F: Nerve sheath tumors usually originate centrally and spread peripherally into the distal limbs.
False - Nerve sheath tumors usually originate peripherally and spread proximally into the spinal cord.
35
What is considered a "root signature"?
Hyperesthesia with limb palpation or manipulation.
36
Chronic progressive monoparesis with neurogenic muscle atrophy and hyperesthesia with limb palpation or manipulation indicates what condition?
Nerve root/peripheral nerve neoplasia
37
How is a definitive diagnosis made of nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?
Histopathology of samples collected at surgery.
38
What is the best available treatment for all tumors?
Surgical resection
39
What type of emboli is the most common causing spinal cord injury?
Fibrocartilaginous emboli
40
Where do fibrocartilaginous emboli originate from?
Nucelaus pulposus of the intervertebral discs.
41
What do fibrocartilaginous emboli cause in the spinal cord?
Ischemic myelopathy
42
Fibrocartilaginous emboli are most common in what type of dog?
Large breed dogs, giant breeds, Miniature Schnauzers
43
In what age range of dogs are fibrocartilaginous emboli seen?
1-7 years old
44
When are clinical signs for fibrocartilaginous emboli developed?
Peracutely during or after vigorous exercise.
45
Is there usually a history of trauma with fibrocartilaginous emboli?
No
46
Are fibrocartilaginous emboli progressive or non-progressive?
Non-progressive
47
Fibrocartilaginous emboli often involve what 2 areas?
- Brachial intumescence | - Pelvic intumescence
48
Fibrocartilaginous emboli can cause what type of deficits?
LMN
49
Are fibrocartilaginous emboli rare or common in cats? Where do they occur? Are they associated with exercise?
- Rare - C6-T2 - No
50
Partial or complete loss of voluntary motor function in a single limb is known as what?
Monoparesis or monoplegia
51
Signlament, history, clinical signs, exclusion of inflammatory and comprehensive spinal cord disease by CSF examination and myelography can indicate what?
Fibrocartilaginous emboli
52
What can be useful in diagnosing more severe cases of fibrocartilaginous emboli?
MRI
53
What can be given to acutely affected dogs with fibrocartilaginous emboli to reduce edema and inflammation?
Dexamethasone
54
Dogs with fibrocartilaginous emboli that who UMN signs may see improvement as soon as when? Maximal recovery when?
- First week of signs | - By 4 months
55
What can have a major influence on the recovery rate of fibrocartilaginous emboli?
Physio/hydrotherapy
56
The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles are innervated by what nerve? Originating from what spinal cord region?
- Suprascapular nerve | - C6-C7
57
The deltoideus, teres major and teres minor are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Axillary | - C7-C8
58
The biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Musculo-cutaneous nerve | - C6-T1
59
The triceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, ulnaris lateralis, lateral digital extensor and common digital extensor are innervated by what nerve?a Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Radial nerve | - C6-T2
60
The flexor carpi radialis and superficial digital flexor are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Median nerve | - C7-T2
61
The flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Ulnar nerve | - C8-T2
62
The iliopsoas, quadriceps and sartorius muscles are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Femoral nerve | - L4-L6
63
The external obturator, pectineus and gracilis muscles are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Obturator nerve | - L5-L6
64
The biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Sciatic nerve | - L6-S1
65
The gastrocnemius, popliteus, deep digital flexor and superficial digital flexor muscles are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Tibial nerve | - (L6)L7-S1
66
The peroneus longus, lateral digital extensor, long digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Common peroneal nerve | - L6-L7(S1)
67
The external anal sphincter and striated urethral muscles are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Pudendal nerve | - S1-S3
68
The smooth muscle of the bladder and the rectum muscle are innervated by what nerve? Originate from what spinal cord region?
- Pelvic nerve | - S1-S3

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