Conditions list Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Acute kidney injury

Answer

A

Description
- Where your kindeys stop working suddenly
- Usually a complication of another serious illness
- Usually older people who are unwell
- Needs prompt treatment
- Without quick treatment abnormal levels of salt and chemicals can build up in the body affecting organ function
- Different to CKD where the kidney gradually loses function over a long period of time
Prognosis
- Most people make a full recovery but some develop chronic kidney disease or kidney failure
Risk factors
- Aged over 65
- CKD
- Heartfailure, liver disease and diabetes
- Sepsis
- NSAIDS
Pathophysiology
- Causes
  - Low blood volume after bleeding, excessive vomiting and diarrhoea or severe dehydration
  - Heart failure
  - Sepsis
  - Problems with blood vessel
  - Certain medicines that can affect blood supply to the kidney e.g. NSAIDS and ACEi
  - blockage
Symptoms and signs
- Feeling sick
- Diarrhoea
- Dehydration
- Peeing less than usual
- Confusion
- drowsiness
Management
- Diagnosis involves blood test
- Treatment
  - Increase intake of water
  - Antibiotics if infection
  - Stop taking certain medicines
  - Urinary catheter
  - Severe cases= dialysis

Question 2

Q

Chronic kidney disease

Answer

A

Description
- Long term condition where the kidneys are not working as they should
- Common condition associated with getting older, but can affect anyone
- More common in south Asian and black people
Prognosis
- Many people with CKD are able to live long lives- only progresses to kidney failure in around 1 in 50 people
- However may stop working overtime
- Increased risk of developing CVD
Pathophysiology
- Causes
  - High BP
  - Diabetes
  - High cholesterol
  - Kidney infections
  - Polycystic kidney disease
  - Blockages
  - Long-term NSAIDS
Symptoms and signs
- Tiredness
- Swollen ankles ,feet or hands
- Shortness of breath
- Feeling sick
- Blood in urine
- Itchy skin
- Headache
- Erectile dysfunction
Management
- Regular tests to help stage kidney disease
- No cure, treatment = symptom management and stop it getting worse
Main treatments
- Lifestyle
- Medicine to control high blood pressure (calcium channel blocker e.g. amlodipine) and high cholesterol (statin)
- Dialysis – replicates some of the kidneys functions
- Kidney transplant
- Diagnosis involves blood test

Question 3

Q

Alcoholic liver disease

Answer

A

Description
- Liver damage caused by excess alcohol intake – wont cause any symptoms until severe damage done
Pathophysiology
- (1) Changes caused by excessive alcohol intake
  - Fatty change –>excessive amount of sugar converted to triglycerides and can cause build-up of fatty deposits in the liver within weeks of exposure to alcohol
    - Hepatomegaly
    - Usually reversible
- (2) Alcoholic hepatitis
  - Years of exposure (initially reversible)
  - Presence of inflammatory cells alongside fatty changes
- Risk factors
  - Overweight
  - Female
  - Genetics
Symptoms and signs
- RUQ pain
- Jaundice- yellowing of the eyes
- Oedema
- Ascites
- Weight loss
- Feeling sick
- Confusion
Treatment
- Stopping drinking alcohol
  - Withdrawal symptoms at worse in first 48 hours
  - May need to reduce alcohol gradually
  - CBT
  - Give thiamine (B1)to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy
- Liver transplant
- Medication- limited evidence- corticosteroids???

Question 4

Q

Cirrhosis

Answer

A

Description
- Scaring of the liver (fibrosis) caused by long term liver damage
- Scar tissue doesn’t function normally
- End stage liver disease
Pathophysiology
- Drinking too much alcohol
- Hepatitis
- NAFLD
Symptoms and signs
- Tired and weak
- Feel sick
- Lose appetide
- Lose weight
- Red patch on your palms and spider-like blood vessels on skin above waist level
- Jaundice
- Vomiting blood
- Itchy skin
- Bleeding and bruising easily
- Oedema nd ascites
Treatment
- No cure
- Slow progression
- Cut down drinking
- Lose weight
- Liver transplant

Question 5

Q

Cerebrovascular disease (TIA/Stroke)

Answer

A

Description
- STROKE :Neurological deterioration cause by a focal injury of vascular origin to CNS tissue
  - Occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off
- TIA” related condition where the blood supply to the brain is temporarily interrupted
  - Mini sroke
  - Symptoms last a few minutes up to 24 hours and then disapear
- Sooner a person is treated the better
Risk factors
- High BP
- High cholesterol
- Irregular heart beats e.g. atrial fibrillation
- diabetes
Pathophysiology
- Ischaemic- blood clot (80%)
- Haemorrhagic- weakened blood vessel supplying brain bursts
Symptoms and signs
- Face droop
- Weak arm
- Speech slurred or garbled
Treatment
- Depending which part of the brain affected
- Thrombolysis
- Blood clot ‘clot buster’
- Thrombectomy
- Aspirin and antiplatelet e.g. clopidogrel
- Anticoagulants e.g. warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran
- Blood pressure medications
  - Thiazide diuretics
  - ACEi
  - CC
  - Beta blockers
  - Alpha blockers
  - Statins
  - Carotid endarectomy

Question 6

Q

COPD

Answer

A

Description
- Emphysema- damage to air sacs
- Chronic bronchitis- long term inflammation of aitways
Risk factors
- Middle aged or older
- Smoke
- Longterm exposure to harmful fumes or dust
Pathophysiology
- When the lung become inflamed, damaged and narrowed
Symptoms and signs
- increasing breathlessness, particularly when you’re active
- a persistent chesty cough with phlegm – some people may dismiss this as just a “smoker’s cough”
- frequent chest infections
- persistent wheezing
Treatment
- Stop smoking
- Inhalers and medicines
- Steroids
- Antibiotics
- SABA
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
- Surgery or lung transplant

Question 7

Q

Lung cancer

Answer

A

Description
- Most common and serious stype of cancer
- No signs or symptoms until late stafe
  - Non-small cell lung cancer
  - Squamous >40%
  - Adenocarcinoma >40%
  - Large cell carcinoma 5-10%
  - Small cell carcinoma 10%
  - Rare rumours (Carcinoid) <5%
Pathophysiology
- Cancer
Risk factors
- Age
- Smoking (not all cases)
- Inhalation of toxic substances
- Symptoms and signs
Primary tumour
- Cough
- Dyspnoea
- Wheezing
- Haemoptysis
- Lung infection
- Chest /shoulder pain
- Weight loss
- Lethargy
- Malaise
- Commonest presentation = no symptoms
Regional metastases
- Bloated face (SVC obstruction)
- Hoarseness (left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy)
- Dyspnoea (anaemia, pleural or pericardial effusions)
- Dyspahoa (oesophageal compression)
- Chest pain (parietal pleural involvement)
Distant metastases
- Bone pain/fractures
- CNS symptoms (headaches, double vison, confusion)
Metabolic
- Thirst (hypercalcaemia)
- Constipation (hypercalcaemia)
- Seizures (hyponatraemia- SIADH, small cell)
- Signs
- Cachexia
- Pale conjunctiva- anaemia
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Horner’s syndrome (H+N)
- Finger clubbing
- Superior vena cava obstruction
- Consolidation
- Signs of pleural effusion
- Muffled heart sounds
- Liver enlargement
- Skin metastases
- Neurological long tract signs
- NO SIGNS- vast majority
Treatment
- Depends on type of mutation
- If found early- excision by surgery
- If spread too far= radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Question 8

Q

Asthma

Answer

A

Description
- Chronic
- Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath.
- Affects all ages
- No cure
Pathophysiology
- Swelling of the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs
- Randomly happens or after exposure to a trigger
  - Allergies
  - Smoke, pollution and cold air
  - Exercise
  - Infections like colds or flu
Symptoms and signs
- Whistling when breathing (wheezing)
- Breathlessness
- Tight chest
- Coughing
- Badly controlled asthma symptoms
  - Feeling tired all the time
  - Absence from work or school
  - Mental health
  - Infections
  - Delays in growth or puberty
Treatment
- Reliever e.g. SABA
- Preventer e.g. beclomethasone, budesonide

Question 9

Q

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer

A

Description
- Autoimmune: where the bodies immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin
- Causes high blood glucose
Symptoms and signs
- feeling very thirsty.
- urinating more frequently than usual, particularly at night.
- feeling very tired.
- weight loss and loss of muscle bulk.
- itchiness around the genital area, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection)
- blurred vision caused by the lens of your eye changing shape.
Complications
- Kidney disease
- Nerve damage
- Retinal disease
- Heart disease
- Stroke
Treatment
- lifestyle changes
- Insulin- subcutaneous

Question 10

Q

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer

A

Description
- Where the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body cells do not react to insulin
- Far more common
- HbA1C
  - Normal: Below 42 mmol/mol (6.0%)
  - Prediabetes: 42 to 47 mmol/mol (6.0 to 6.4%)
  - Diabetes: 48 mmol/mol (6.5% or over)
Symptoms and signs
- Increased thirst.
- Frequent urination.
- Increased hunger.
- Unintended weight loss.
- Fatigue.
- Blurred vision.
- Slow-healing sores.
- Frequent infections.
Complications
- Kidney disease
- Nerve damage
- Retinal disease
- Heart disease
- Stroke
Treatment
- Lifestyle
  - Exercise
  - Diet
- Medication
  - Metformin (biguanide)- prevent glucoseneogensis
  - Sulphonlyureas (gliclazide)- increase cells sensitivity to insulin
  - Glitazone- stimulates PPAR-Yà modulates transcription of gens involved in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism in the muscle, adipose and tissue and liver
  - Gliflozin- SGLT inhibitor
  - Gliptin- DPP-4 antagonist – preventing incretin breakdown
  - GLP-1 analogue

Question 11

Q

Osteoarthritis

Answer

A

Description
- Condition that causes joints to become painful and stiff
Pathophysiology
- Causes
  - Joint injury
  - Age
  - Family history
  - Obesity
  - Being a women
Symptoms and signs
- Usually affects the
- Joint tenderness
- Increased pain and stiffness
- Knobbly appearance
- Grating or crackling
- Limited range of movement
- weakness
Treatment
- Diagnosis X-ray (distal and proximal interphalangeal joint)
  - osteophytes
  - reduced joint space
  - sclerotic lesions
  - bony spurs
- Treatment
  - Regular exercise
  - Losing weight
  - Suitable footwear
  - Long term NSAIDs e.g. naproxen

Question 12

Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer

A

Description
- chronic inflammatory condition
- autoimmune
Pathophysiology
- Risk factors
  - Female
  - Family history
  - Smoking
- Complications
  - Carpal tunnel syndrome
  - Inflammation of other areas of the body
  - Increased risk of heart attack and stroke
Symptoms and signs
- Prolonged joint stiffness (more than half an hour in the mornings)
Management
- Diagnosis
  - X-ray (metacarpophalangeal joint)
    - reduced joint space
    - juxta articular osteolytic lesions
    - soft tissue damage
    - deformity
- Treatment Medication
  - DMARDS
    - Methotrexate (first line for RA)
    - Sulfalazine
    - Hydroxychloroquine
- Steroids
  - Supportive treatment e.g. physiotherapy and OT
- Surgery

Conditions list Flashcards

(12 cards)