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Gastrointestinal (farm) > Conditions of the GI tract (Yr 4) > Flashcards

Conditions of the GI tract (Yr 4) Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

what is ruminal tympany also known as?

A

bloat

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2
Q

what is ruminal tympany?

A

accumulation of rumen gas sufficient to change the contour of the rumen

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3
Q

what are the two types of ruminal tympany?

A

free gas (obstruction)
frothy (stable foam blocks gas release)

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4
Q

what are the clinical signs of ruminal tympany?

A

distended left hand side of abdomen (can progress to entire abdomen)
painful (inappetence, distressed, vocal)
respiratory distress
recumbency, death

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5
Q

what causes free gas bloat?

A

obstruction (foreign body, abscesses)
secondary to conditions that interfere with rumenoreticular motility (wire, vagal indigestion, milk fever…)
posture (if they are cast)

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6
Q

what can cause obstructions leading to free gas bloat?

A

foreign bodies
mediastinal abscess (secondary to chronic pneumonia)

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7
Q

what can effect the rumenoreticular motility, and lead to free gas bloat?

A

wires
vagal indigestion
tetanus
milk fever

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8
Q

what causes frothy bloat?

A

most commonly animals on pasture containing clover, alfalfa or lucerne
animals fed finely ground grain

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9
Q

why does clover, lucerne and alfalfa cause frothy bloat?

A

rapidly digestible in rumen which forms fine particles that trap gas bubbles

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10
Q

how is free gas bloat treated?

A

pass stomach tube
trochar (emergency)
chronic bloat - rumen fistula or red devil
treat underlying condition

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction?

A

bloat
inability to swallow
regurgitation of feed/water
drooling

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12
Q

where are the two main sites for oesophageal obstruction?

A

cervical oesophagus above larynx
base of heart/cardia

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13
Q

what are some treatments for oesophageal obstruction?

A

starve and observe (many self resolve)
sedate
buscopan
flunixin
manual removal or push down

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14
Q

how can you manually remove an oesophageal obstruction?

A

gag and try grab foreign body (get someone to push it up)
probang (cutting hook)

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15
Q

if you are unable to remove the oesophageal obstruction, what can you do?

A

trocharise to relieve rumen bloat
feed via rumen and wait for obstruction to pass
(risk of damage/necrosis)

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16
Q

how can frothy bloat be treated?

A

pass stomach tube or insert trochar then dose with surfactant (oils or silicone based commercial preparations)
can make incisions in emergency

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17
Q

what surfactants can be used to treat frothy bloat?

A

oil (vegetable oil)
silicone based commercial preparations

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18
Q

how can frothy bloat be prevented?

A

avoid high risk pastures at high risk times
buffer feed
restrict access (strip grazing)
administer antifoaming agents/sprays
remove animals with recurrent bloat

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19
Q

what are high risk pastures/times for frothy bloat?

A

early morning when pasture is damp
pasture with alfalfa, clover and lucerne

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20
Q

what is the typical history of a traumatic reticulitis case?

A

sudden milk drop
hunched appearance, stiff gait
inappetent
(often TMR fed)

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21
Q

where does the reticulum lie?

A

left hand side from 6th-8th rib

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22
Q

what is the rate of rumen/reticular contractions?

A

3 contractions in 2 minutes

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23
Q

what re the types of rumen/reticular contractions?

A

primary and secondary (2 primary to 1 secondary)

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24
Q

what is the function of the primary rumen contractions?

A

mixing cycle (first reticulum then rumen)

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25
what is the function of the secondary rumen contraction?
eructation (rumen contractions start caudal and push gas towards cardia)
26
what tests are available for diagnosing traumatic reticulitis?
Eric williams test withers pinch (abdominal pain) pole test (abdominal pain) faeces white blood cell count
27
how is the Eric Williams test carried out?
listen over trachea, cow will grown when the rumen starts its primary contraction (will hear a grunt)
28
how is a withers pinch test done?
pinch withers and the animal will sink, if that is painful when you do it a second time they won't dip
29
how will faeces likely appear if the cow has traumatic reticulitis?
stiffer with more long fibre as rumen isn't able to turn over correctly so digestion isn't as efficient
30
if there is pain on reticular contraction due to traumatic reticulitis, what will happen during the Eric Williams test?
3 scenarios... grunt prior to primary contraction reduced primary contraction breath holding on primary contraction
31
what are the clinical signs of traumatic reticulitis?
sudden onset milk drop increased temperature (39.5°C) reduced rumen contractions hunched up (adducted elbows) inappetent, dull, depressed (Eric williams test)
32
what are possible consequences of swallowing a wire?
reticulo-peritonitis... medial penetration can damage vagus (effecting motility) pericarditis other organ penetration
33
what happens if traumatic reticulo-pericarditis is left untreated?
cow goes into heart failure - jugular distention, jugular pulse, submandibular oedema (hopeless prognosis)
34
what is the procedure for an exploratory laparotomy, when looking for a traumatic reticulitis?
open cranially at left sublumbar fossa exteriorise cranial rumen pin rumen with sterile towel/claps incise rumen reach hand cranially locate reticulum search for foreign body
35
what does the reticular wall feel/look like?
honeycomb
36
what does the rumen wall feel/look like?
lots of little papillae
37
what suture pattern is used to close the rumen?
Cushing or lembert (inverting suture patterns)
38
what is a common cause of vagus nerve injury?
complication of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
39
what do the clinical signs of vagus nerve injury depend on?
what part of the nerve is damaged... dorsal vagus nerve - enlarged rumen/bloat pyloric brach - abomasal impaction
40
what are some causes of damaged vagal nerve?
traumatic reticuloperitonitis actinobacillosis of rumen/reticulum fibropapillomas of cardia late pregnancy
41
what is the typical appearance of a cow with vagal indigestion?
(10 to 4 appearance) bloated
42
what are the typical clinical signs of vagal indigestion?
dehydration enlarged rumen scant faeces with undigested material distended abomasum of lower right quadrant hypermotility or hypomotility
43
what are some differential diagnoses for vagal indigestion?
chronic traumatic reticulitis abomasal impaction (dietary origin) omasal impaction abomasal ulceration
44
what is the prognosis for vagal indigestion?
poor (slaughter)
45
what is the usually the primary event leading to a displaced abomasum?
abomasal atony caused by excessive VFAs in abomasum along with inflammatory cytokines inhibiting motility
46
what are some major risk factors for a displaced abomasum?
early lactation high yielding dairy cattle fibre and concrete imbalance (SARA) ketosis hypocalcaemia anything reducing DMI
47
how can a displaced abomasum be prevented?
nutrition (dry cow and lactating) housing/comfort preventing concurrent disease (endometritis, mastitis...)
48
what is an acceptable incidence level of LDAs?
1-2% per annum
49
what are the clinical signs of LDAs?
gradual milk drop or not reaching expected yield ketosis selective appetite (eating more fibre) <4 weeks post calving
50
what are the differentials for a LDA?
vagal indigestion peritonitis bloat
51
why do you hear a ping when percussing a cow with a LDA?
there is a gas fluid interface
52
what ways can a LDA be treated?
rolling toggling
53
how do you roll a cow with a LDA?
cast into right lateral recumbency (gas cap up on left) roll to dorsal recumbency roll to left lateral recumbency percuss to see if ping has moved (then feed good quality roughage)
54
what are the disadvantages of rolling to treat LDAs?
least successful if abomasal ulcer is present it can rupture
55
what are the advantages of rolling to treat LDAs?
cheap and non-invasive
56
how do you toggle a LDA?
cast cow onto right lateral recumbency then roll into dorsal recumbency percuss for ping on ventral midline place trochar 15cm from xiphoid and 5cm from midline place caudal toggle by pushing it down the trochar and clamping in place (smell to check its in place) place cranial toggle 10cm cranial to the caudal one (again with trochar first) tie trochars together check gas is moving out of the right side
57
what are the advantages of a toggle?
cheap, quick, minimally invasive and simple
58
what are the disadvantages of toggles?
go in blind so can't see if abomasal ulcers, adhesions... fistula formation from suture
59
what are the types of surgical treatments for LDAs?
L and right sided (2 operators) L sided (utrecht) R sided R paramedic approach (cast cow)
60
how is a bilateral flank LDA surgery done?
paravertebral analgesia incision 5cm caudal to last rib slide hands down wall of abomasum and shake hands decompress abomasum (needle and flutter valve) push abomasum to midline pull abomasum up to right incision omentopexy
61
why is a flutter valve used to decompress the abomasum during bilateral LDA surgery?
some abdominal content can flow out of the abomasum, having a tube ensures it doesn't go into the peritoneum
62
how do you do an omentopexy during a bilateral LDA surgery?
identify the omentum next to pylorus (looks like a pigs ear) and suture that into the wound closure
63
how is the right sided surgical approach for LDA surgery carried out?
right flank incision put hand over rumen and feel top of abomasum on left then release gas (flutter valve) withdraw arm then follow right body wall down and under to identify the abomasum grasp abomasum/omentum securely and firmly sweep down to pull abomasum to the incision identify the pigs ear (and pylorus)and do an omentopexy
64
how is the left sided (Utrecht) method of surgery for an LDA carried out?
left sided incision grasp greater curvature of abomasum or omentum weave suture through omentum/abomasum leaving 2 very long ends decompress abomasum (flutter valve) place cranial suture thread through body wall around ventral midline repeat with caudal suture thread 10cm behind the cranial one reposition abomasum and tie sutures (ensure no small intestine are hooked in the suture)
65
how is a ventral abdominal paramedian LDA surgery carried out?
full GA/sedate place cow in dorsal recumbency line block around where you would place a toggle incise locate abomasum then suture to wall or surgical incision when closing
66
what post-operative care is required for LDA surgery?
antibiotics (pen/strep or oxytetracycline) treat underlying condition (ketosis, endometritis) high fibre diet
67
what happens during a RDA?
abomasum distends and displaces caudally to the right side
68
what is the metabolic sequelae of a RDA?
pooling of hydrogen and chloride in the abdomen due to upper intestinal obstruction can leads to a metabolic alkalosis and hypochloraemia cytokine release and endotoxaemia severe dehydration
69
why is the volvulus phase of RDAs problematic?
can lead to obstruction of the rumen emptying into the abomasum and cause ischaemic necrosis, veins occluded first so abomasal mucosa becomes swollen and friable
70
what are the clinical signs of a RDA whilst in the dilation and displacement phase?
inappetence/depressed reduced faeces dehydration tachycardia, pale/dry MM doughy rumen (outflow obstruction) reduced rumen turnover ping on upper right third
71
is a RDA has torsion as well, how may the cow present?
very systemically unwell severe dehydration
72
what are some differentials for an RDA?
abomasal impaction caecal torsion traumatic reticulitis intestinal obstruction
73
how can RDA dilation/displacement be treated?
medically - calcium, buscopan, fluids surgically - drain/replace
74
what is the procedure for an RDA surgery?
open right flank drain abomasum using a pipe rotate abomasum and anchor pylorus stitch up cow
75
what post operative care is needed for RDAs?
fluid therapy NSAIDs antibiotics oral potassium chloride calcium propylene glycol
76
what are best preventative measure for RDAs?
good dry cow management/nutrition
77
what are some clinical signs expected with intestinal obstructions?
sudden milk drop anorexia ruminal stasis, no faeces abdominal pain
78
what are some indication for surgery when presented with intestinal disease?
rapid deterioration severe pain (poor analgesic response) severe abdominal distention absence of faecal output high heart rate and blood lactate
79
what is the prognosis for intestinal diseases?
poor
80
what is the typical history/clinical signs of caecal dilation and volvulus?
dairy cow in first few months of lactation inappetence, milk drop, ping in dorso-caudal right sub lumbar fossa
81
what is the aetiology for caecal dilation and volvulus?
excess carbohydrates bypass the rumen (due to acidosis) and ferment in the caecum this creates VFAs and reduces the pH in the caecum leading to atony and accumulation of ingesta/gas
82
how can caecal dilations and volvulus be treated?
medically - good quality hay, hydration... surgery - exteriorise and drain (only if there is torsion)
83
what can cause abomasal ulcers?
NSAID use other diseases such as BVD stress acidosis
84
what is the pathogenesis of how gastric ulcers form?
injury to gastric mucosa leads to diffusion of hydrogen ions into tissues causing damage
85
how can gastric ulcers be treated?
antacids - magnesium oxide blood transfusion or fluids

Gastrointestinal (farm) (10 decks)

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