Conduction Review

Question 1

Craniosacral is innervated by

Answer 1

PNSNS

Question 2

Thoracolumbar is innervated by

Answer 2

SNS

Question 3

What are the cardioaccelerator fibers

Answer 3

T1-T4

Question 4

Which nerve depresses cardiac function?

Answer 4

Vagus Nerve

Question 5

What substances bind catecholamines

Answer 5

Adrenergic receptors

Question 6

SNS postganglions attach to

Answer 6

cardiac and thoracic nerves

Question 7

PSNS and some SNS postgang attach to the cardiac plexus leading to

Answer 7

SA & AV nodes and the atrial myocardium

Question 8

what receptors are at the end of PSNS and what substances bind these receptors

Answer 8

Muscarinic (M1)

ACh

Question 9

Inotropy means

Answer 9

contractility

Question 10

Chronotropy means

Answer 10

Heart Rate

Question 11

Dromatropy means

Answer 11

AV conduction

Question 12

Lusitrophy means

Answer 12

myocyte relaxation

Question 13

SA node refers to

Answer 13

Nodal (pacemaker)

Question 14

Atrial and ventricular myocytes refers to

Answer 14

non-nodal

Question 15

Troponin activates ______of actin & myosin

Answer 15

contraction

Question 16

Phase 0 of the cardiac non nodal (ventrical) must reach a threshold level of _______and causes ______ _____ channels to open

This ion causes the cells membrane to ___________

Answer 16

-70; Fast Na+; depolarize

Question 17

Phase 1 of the cardiac non-nodal (ventrical) is when the fast Na+ channels are _______and the ______channels open

This ion leaving causes an initial ___________(______)
(this ion leaks)

Answer 17

inactivated;K+
repolarization (hyperpolarization)

Question 18

Phase 2 of the cardiac non nodal (ventricle) is called a ________and is when K+ continues to slowly move outward and_____ ______ _______channels open. This phase helps prolong depolarization

Answer 18

plateau; L-type slow Ca+ channels open

Question 19

Phase 3 of the cardiac non nodal (ventricle), Ca+ channels become________ and slow ______channels remain open in addition to more ______channels opening. More of this ion leaving causes rapid_________/___________ (more dramatic process)

Answer 19

inactivated; K+; K+; repolarization/hyperpolarization

Question 20

Phase 4 of the cardiac non nodal (ventricle) resting membrane potential is ______

This ion predominates here

Answer 20

-90mV; K+

Question 21

What is the absolute/Effective Refractory period

Answer 21

period where once Na+ channels open, the heart shouldnt be able to respond to another action potential

Is the beginning of phase 0 and end of phase 2

Question 22

What is the relative refractory period?

Answer 22

We want the heart in refractory to limit frequency of depolarization and heart rate

Happens at the end of absolute refractory to the beginning of phase 3 & 4

This period may generate another action potential

This period allows for adequate ventricular filling and preservation of EF

Question 23

The nodal action potential (SA/AV node) threshold is

Answer 23

-40 to -30mV

Question 24

Phase 0 of the nodal action potential (SA/AV node) is when the ___ ____ ____ channels open and cause the cell to ____________

Answer 24

L-type Ca+ channels; depolarize

Question 25

Phase 3 of the nodal action potential (SA/AV node) is when the ____ ____ ____channels become _______ and the ______channels open This ion leaving causes the cell membrane to ______/_______

Answer 25

L-type Ca+channels; inactivated; K+; repolaraize/hyperpolarize

Question 26

Phase 4 of the nodal action potential (SA/AV node) is when the cell membrane________ to ________mV ________channels open and _____slowly comes in The slow movement of this ion causes the cell membrane to ________ ________

Answer 26

hyperpolarizes; -60mV; Ca+; Na+; Spontaneously depolarize

Question 27

NE binding to Beta 1 ________the slope of phase ______, decreasing the time it takes to reach threshold This increases slow Na+ and Ca+ inward currents

Answer 27

increases; 4

Question 28

ACh binding to M ______slope of phase ____, increasing time to reach threshold, increasing K+ currents out and decreasing Na+ and Ca+ currents in This hyperpolarizes membrane during phase 4

Answer 28

decreases; 4

Question 29

Hyperkalemia effects on the heart

Answer 29

bradycardia, may stop SA nodal firing depolarizes the membrane decreases degree of hyperpolarization at the end of phase 3

Question 30

Hypokalemia effects on the heart

Answer 30

tachycardia increases rate of phase 4 depolarization increases phase 3 repolarization

Question 31

Loss of O2 at the cellular level causes

Answer 31

depolarization leading to bradycardia decreases slope of phase 4

Question 32

When using leads, depolarizinig towards will give

Answer 32

positive deflection

Question 33

depolarizing perpendicular with produce a

Answer 33

biphasic deflection

Question 34

A positive deflection with show ip as what on an EKG

Answer 34

P wave

Question 35

What are the augmented limb leads

Answer 35

aVR,aVL, and aVF (shows frontal plane)

Question 36

What are the precordial leads

Answer 36

V1-V6

Question 37

Current flows from

Answer 37

base to apex

Question 38

3 lead monitoring are adequate when monitoring _________arrhythmias, especially in lead ___

Answer 38

atrial; 2

Question 39

How is monitoring in 3 lead limiting

Answer 39

limits ability to detect ischemia

Question 40

Which 2 leads are better together with monitoring

Answer 40

2 and 5 (80%) V5 is unipolar

Question 41

What is the most common arrhythmia

Answer 41

Afib

Question 42

Nodal cells have __________

Answer 42

automaticity

Question 43

triggered rhythms happen by either these two mechanisms

Answer 43

early or delayed afterpolarization both due too problems with Ca+ regulation

Question 44

What is reentry

Answer 44

AP travels back to already depolarized tissue

Question 45

The more distal we are in the heart

Answer 45

the slower the heart rate

Question 46

bradycardia decreases

Answer 46

Co and arterial blood pressure

Question 47

tachycardia can cause a

Answer 47

decrease in preload, SV and CO abnormal ventricular conduction impaired contraction reduced EF increased myocardial O2 demand angina

Question 48

Afib can cause

Answer 48

risk of thrombus and embolism lost contraction and perfusion lost fill

Question 49

Vfib can cause

Answer 49

zero CO