Conflict and intergroup relations

Question 1

Muzafer Sherif - Robbers gave: Rattlers and Eagles

Answer 1

Investigated intergroup relations by studying two groups at a summer camp.

Question 2

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 2

All groups would prefer to be “haves” rather than “have-nots” so they take steps to obtain desired resources & prevent the other group from obtaining those resources.

Insufficient resources -> Competition for resources -> conflict

Question 3

The Discontinuity effect

Answer 3

People are more competitive when in groups then when acting as individuals.

Question 4

Three motivation factors that sustain the discontinuity effect?

Answer 4

1. Greed
2. Fear
3. Identity

Question 5

Insko Prisoners Dilemma Game (PDG)

Answer 5

Groups consistently choose to compete instead of to cooperate.

Question 6

De percentage of competition is highest amoung?

Answer 6

Group to group competition

Question 7

How can you limit the tendency for competition that lead to intergroup conflict?

Answer 7

By the tit-for-tat strategy

Question 8

Tit for that (TFT) Axelrood

Answer 8

A bargaining strategy that begins with cooperation but then imitates the other person’s choices so that cooperation is met with cooperation and competition with competition.

Question 9

Social dominance theory Sidanius and Pratto

Answer 9

An approach to oppresion and domination assuming that conflict between groups results from dynamic tensions between hierarchically ranked groups within society

Question 10

Anger and retailiation

Answer 10

The emotional mechanisms / reactions described by the frustration agresion hypothesis and the general aggression model van trigger impulsive intergroup aggression.

Question 11

Frustration–aggression hypothesis

Answer 11

An early motivational model that argued that individuals become more aggressive whenever external conditions prevent them from reaching their goals.

Question 12

General aggression model

Answer 12

A framework for organizing biological, environmental, social, and psychological factors that influence the expression of hostile, negative behavior, including (1) person and situational inputs; (2) cognitive, affective, and arousal states, and (3) cognitive appraisals.

Question 13

The scapegoat theory

Answer 13

It explains why groups that experience setbacks somtimes fight other, more defenseless groups.

If group A cannot agress against ggroup B, it may instead instigate conflict with another group C.

An explanation of intergroup conflict arguing that hostility caused by frustrating environ mental circumstances (such as abuse by others or failure) is released by taking hostile actions against members of other social groups.

Question 14

The norm of reciprocity

Answer 14

Like individuals, groups answer threats with threats, insults with insults and agression with agression.

Question 15

What describes the unfolding of violence at Robbers Cave?

Answer 15

The upward spiral model of conflict intensification

Question 16

What type of cultures are there?

Answer 16

Honor: Importance of family
Dignity
Face

Question 17

Evolutionary theorie

Answer 17

Suggests that confronting other groups was adaptive during human’s evolutionary past as intergroup relations were rarly peaceful.
Natural selecting favored individuals who preferred ingroup members over outgroup members.

Question 18

Linguistic intergroup bias

Answer 18

The tendency to describe positive ingroup and negative outgroup behaviors more abstractly, and negative ingroup and positive outgroup behaviors more concretely.

Question 19

Outgroup homogeneity bias

Answer 19

The perceptual tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other, whereas the membership of one’s own group is more heterogeneous.

Question 20

Law of small numbers

Answer 20

Basing generalizations about the outgroup on observations of a small number of individuals from that group.

Question 21

Group attribution error

Answer 21

Mistakenly assuming that specific group members’ personal characteristics and preferences, including their beliefs, attitudes, and decisions, are similar to the preferences of the group to which they belong.

Question 22

Ultimate attribution error (UAE)

Answer 22

Attributing negative actions performed by members of the outgroup to dis positional qualities and positive actions to situational, fluctuating circumstances.

Question 23

Stereotypes

Answer 23

A socially shared set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs and expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a particular group or social category.

Question 24

Stereotype content model

Answer 24

A theory of group perception positing that people’s stereotyped views about social groups reflect their beliefs about the warmth and competence of the stereotyped group.

Pity = high in warmth but low in competence
contempt = low in competence and low in warmth
admiration = high in warmth and high in competence
envy = low in warmth and high in competence

Question 25

Tajfel and Turner’s “minimal intergroup situation” When asked to distribute resources to others, favored the members of one’s own group.

Answer 25

Social categorization causes preceivers to distinguish between ingroup and outgroup members. They concluded that the “mere perception of belonging to two distinct groups – that is, social categorization per se – is sufficient to trigger intergroup discrimination favoring the ingroup.

Question 26

Ethnocentrism

Answer 26

belief that one’s own tribe, region, or country is superior to all others

Question 27

Group hate

Answer 27

When intergroup conflict reaches extreme levels, group members view their own group as morally superior and members of the outgroup as less than human.

Question 28

Moral exclusion

Answer 28

A psychological process whereby opponents in a conflict come to view each other as underserving of morally mandated rights and protections.

Question 29

Dehumanizing

Answer 29

Believing that other individuals or entire groups of individuals lack the qualities thought to distinguish human beings from other animals; such dehumanization serves to rationalize the extremely negative treatment of other groups.

Question 30

Bandura's research of dehumanizing

Answer 30

Groups that tend to be more described as animalistic are treated more negatively

Question 31

The ingroup–outgroup bias, when applied to larger groups such as tribes or nations, was labeled ....... by Sumner.

Answer 31

ethnocentrism

Question 32

Double-standard thinking

Answer 32

Judging the actions and attributes of one’s own group positively but viewing these very same behaviors or displays negatively when the outgroup performs them.

Question 33

.... and ...... frame the behaviors and characteristics of the ingroup more positively than these same behaviors and characteristics displayed by the outgroup.

Answer 33

Double-standard thinking and the linguistic intergroup bias

Question 34

Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by Greenwald

Answer 34

Measure of implicit bias that can detect subtle, unconscious forms of bias.

Question 35

Social identity theory

Answer 35

Suggests that individuals, by championing the ingroup, protext and sustain their identity and self-esteem. Group members stress the value of their onw group relative to other groups as a means of indirectly enhancing their social identity (and thus self worth)

Question 36

The contact hypothesis Factors that augment the positive impact?

Answer 36

the prediction that contact between the members of different groups wil reduce intergroup conflict. Maintains that relations between groups are improved when the groups interact together in a positive contact situation. Creating positive contact Subordinate goals (more than 2 people are nessasary) a common enemy de virtue contact hypothesis (online contact) the importance of friendships (extended contact hypothesis.

Question 37

Extended contact hypothesis

Answer 37

The prediction that cross-group friendships not only increase the two friends acceptance of the respective outgroup but also cause other members of their group to become more positive toward the outgroups as well

Question 38

Meta analysis Pettigrew & Tropp

Answer 38

Any contact was better than nothing, high quality contact is best but its effects vary across contexts

Question 39

The necessary conditions for creating positive contact situations identified by Allport (4)

Answer 39

1. Equal status 2. Common goals 3. Cooperation 4. Support of authorities, law or custom

Question 40

Conflict reduction by?

Answer 40

* Decategorization encourages members to recognize the individuality of the outgroup members. * The common ingroup identity model (Dovidio and Gaertner) suggests that recategorization— collapsing the boundaries between groups—reduces conflict yet can promote the retention of identities. The common enemy approach is an example of recategorization. * Cross-categorization involves making salient, multiple group memberships and intergroup forgiveness urges members to accept and move beyond prior conflicts. * Controlling stereotypes thinking (Devine)

Question 41

Factors that promote intergroup forgiveness

Answer 41

- Peaceful contact - Empathy - Exchange of apologies - Acceptance of a common group identity

Question 42

Factors that inhibit intergroup forgiveness

Answer 42

- Strength of identification with the ingroup - Exclusion of the outgroup - Negative emotions (like anger) - Claiming victimization and exploitation by the outgroup

Question 43

Aronson’s jigsaw method Jigsaw learning groups: School-based training in conflict resolution:

Answer 43

is an educational intervention that reduces prejudice by assigning students from different racial or ethnic groups to a single learning group. o Define the conflict o Exchange information o View from multiple perspectives o Generate solutions o Select mutually advantageous solution

Question 44

Resolving conflict conclusions

Answer 44

- Intergroup conflict is not inevitable. Even the most adversarial groups can achieve a more harmonious coexistence by promoting positive contact between their members and refusing think of the other group members in negative, stereotype. - Even the Robbers Cave study ended on a positive note. The campers asked to return to town in the same bus: d ways - When they asked if this might be done and received an affirmative answer from the staff, some of them cheered. Then the bus pulled out, the seating arrangement did not follow group lines. Many boys looked back at the camp, and Wilson cried because camp was over.

Question 45

Virtual contact hypothesis

Answer 45

The prediction that online contact between the members of different groups will improve relations between these groups.

Question 46

Mixed motive situation

Answer 46

A performance setting in which the interdependence amoung interactants involves both competitve and cooperative goal structures

Question 47

Behavioral assimilation

Answer 47

The eventual matching of the behaviors displayed by cooperating or competing group members

Question 48

Is conflict an unavoidable evil or a necessary good?

Answer 48

Conflict is a natural consequence of joining a group and cannot be avoided completely. Research suggests that conflicts, when managed successfully, promote positive group functioning. However, because of the difficulties groups face when trying to deal with conflict, De Dreu and Weingart conclude that in most cases conflict causes more harm than good.  

Question 49

What are the three approaches of negotiation?

Answer 49

Soft negotiation Hard negotiation Princepled negotiation

Question 50

Distributive negotiation

Answer 50

Resolving differences of opinion and transactions by claiming or dividing resources, making offers and responding with counteroffers, and the guarded disclosure of interests.

Question 51

Integrative negotiation

Answer 51

Resolving differences of opinion and transactions by identifying common and complementary interests and proposing solutions that satisfy all concerned parties.

Question 52

The Harvard Negotiation Project maintains that

Answer 52

principled, integrative negotiation is more effective than either soft or hard bargaining.

Question 53

Because many conflicts are rooted in misunderstandings and misperceptions, group members can reduce conflict by

Answer 53

by actively communicating information about their motives and goals through discussion.

Question 54

Dual concern model

Answer 54

= A conceptual perspective on methods of dealing with conflict that assumes avoiding, yielding, fighting, and cooperating differ along two basic dimensions: concern for self and concern for other. identifies four (or five) means of dealing with conflicts: avoiding, yielding, fighting, and cooperating (and conciliation)—that differ along two dimensions: concern for self and concern for others.

Question 55

Relationship conflict

Answer 55

Interpersonal discord that occurs when group members dislike one another. It can be increased by any factor that causes disaffection between group members

Question 56

Why does conflict escalate?

Answer 56

When individuals defend their viewpoints in groups, they become more committed to their positions, as illustrated by the dollar auction and reactance.

Question 57

Reactance

Answer 57

A complex emotional and cognitive reaction that occurs when individuals feel that their freedom to make choices has been threatened or eliminated.

Question 58

Krauss’s (1960) trucking game experiment

Answer 58

indicated conflict escalates when each side could threaten the other.

Question 59

Pruitt and his colleagues (1997) found that when initial request are denied they?

Answer 59

individuals shift from soft tactics to hard influence tactics when their initial requests are denied.

Question 60

Other factors that contribute to the escalation of conflict in groups include ?

Answer 60

- negative reciprocity, as when negative actions provoke negative reactions in others; angry emotions that trigger expressions of anger among members; and - the formation of coalitions that embroil formerly neutral members in the conflict

Question 61

Social dilemma Despites arise when members:

Answer 61

An interpersonal situation where individuals must choose between maximizing their personal outcomes or maximizing their group’s outcomes. Stimulare conflict by tempting members to act in their own self-interest to the detriment of the group and its goals. * exploit a shared resource (a commons dilemma or social trap), * do not contribute their share (a public goods dilemma, free riding), * disagree on the procedures to follow in dividing the resources (procedural justice) and respond negatively to resource distributions (distributive justice), * do not agree on the norms to follow when apportioning resources (e.g., equality, equity, power, responsibility, and need), * feel they are receiving less than they should, given their contribution to the group (negative inequity; work by Brosnan and de Waal, suggests that other species are sensitive to unfair distributions of resources), and * take more than their fair share of responsibility for a successful outcome (egocentrism) or avoid blame for group failure (self-serving attributions of responsibility).

Question 62

Social values orientation

Answer 62

The dispositional tendency to respond to conflict settings in a proself or prosocial way; cooperators, for example, tend to make choices that benefit both parties in a conflict, whereas competitors act to maximize their own outcomes

Question 63

Commons dilemma (or social trap)

Answer 63

A social dilemma when individuals can maximize their outcome by seeking personal goals rather than the collective goals, but if too many individuals act selfishly, then all members of the collective will experience substantial long-term losses.

Question 64

Public goods dilemma

Answer 64

A social dilemma when one may or may not contribute any resources in support of a public good (such as a park or a highway system) but also cannot be excluded for failing to contribute.

Question 65

Egocentrism

Answer 65

Giving oneself more responsibility for an outcome or event than is warranted; often indexed by comparing one’s own judgments of personal responsibility to judgments of responsibility allocated by others.

Question 66

What are the two types of conflict (Morrill)

Answer 66

Task conflict (content conflict or substantive conflict) = Disagreements over issues that are relevant to the group’s recognized goals and procedures. * Task conflict stems from disagreements about issues that are relevant to the group’s goals and outcomes. Even though such substantive conflicts help groups reach their goals, these disagreements can turn into personal, unpleasant conflicts. Process conflict (or procedural conflict) = Disagreement over the methods the group should use to complete its basic tasks. * Process conflicts occur when members do not agree on group strategies, policies, and methods.