Introduction - What are groups?

Question 1

Group

Answer 1

Two or more people who are connected and are inter-dependent, in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other.

Question 2

Two or more people who are connected and are inter-dependent, in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other.

Answer 2

Group

Question 3

Varieties of groups - 4

Answer 3

Primary groups
Social/ Secondary groups
Collective groups
Categories groups

Question 4

Primary groups
Social/ Secondary groups
Collective groups
Categories groups

Answer 4

Varieties of groups - 4

Question 5

Categories groups

Answer 5

A relatively large group, only have common attribute but may not interact directly (people who live in NL, men/women).

Question 6

A relatively large group, only have common attribute but may not interact directly (people who live in NL, men/women).

Answer 6

Categories groups

Question 7

Collective groups

Answer 7

Large, similarities in actions & outlook with weaker ties (movie crowd, people in a line). A street crowd, a line of people (a queue), and a panicked group escaping a fire are examples of collectives, as are more widely dispersed groups (e.g., listeners who respond similarly to a public service announcement).

Question 8

Large, similarities in actions & outlook with weaker ties (movie crowd, people in a line). A street crowd, a line of people (a queue), and a panicked group escaping a fire are examples of collectives, as are more widely dispersed groups (e.g., listeners who respond similarly to a public service announcement).

Answer 8

Collective groups

Question 9

Social/ Secondary groups

Answer 9

A relatively small number of individuals, interacting over long time with less emotional connections (coworkers, study groups)

Question 10

A relatively small number of individuals, interacting over long time with less emotional connections (coworkers, study groups)

Answer 10

Social/ Secondary groups

Question 11

Primary groups

Answer 11

A small, long-term group with deep personal connections (families, close friends, combat squads) characterized by frequent interaction, solidarity, and high levels of inter dependence among members that substantially influences the attitudes, values, and social outcomes of its members.

Question 12

A small, long-term group with deep personal connections (families, close friends, combat squads) characterized by frequent interaction, solidarity, and high levels of inter dependence among members that substantially influences the attitudes, values, and social outcomes of its members.

Answer 12

Primary groups

Question 13

Forsyth further distinguishes groups based on their formation: expand on this distinction by introducing an additional dimension: whether a group is formed by internal or external forces. By combining these two dimensions—planned vs. emergent and internal vs. external—they identify four types of groups

Answer 13

Concocted groups
Founded groups
Circumstantial groups
Self-organizing groups

Question 14

Which further distinguishes on groups makes Forsyth based on their formation? Expand on this distinction by introducing an additional dimension which one is that? : whether a group is formed by internal or external forces. By combining these two dimensions— ……… — they identify four types of groups

Answer 14

planned vs. emergent and internal vs. external—

Question 15

Concocted groups

Answer 15

Deliberately created by external authorities (e.g., military units, sports teams). These are planned groups created by external authorities who are not members of the group. Examples include a flight crew, a military squad, or a group of laborers assigned to a task by an employer.

Question 16

Deliberately created by external authorities (e.g., military units, sports teams). These are planned groups created by external authorities who are not members of the group. Examples include a flight crew, a military squad, or a group of laborers assigned to a task by an employer.

Answer 16

Concocted groups

Question 17

Founded groups

Answer 17

Created voluntarily by members (e.g., clubs, startups). These are planned groups initiated by individuals who remain within the group, such as small startups, study groups, or grassroots community organizations.

Question 18

Created voluntarily by members (e.g., clubs, startups). These are planned groups initiated by individuals who remain within the group, such as small startups, study groups, or grassroots community organizations.

Answer 18

Founded groups

Question 19

Circumstantial groups

Answer 19

Formed by external events (e.g., survivors of a disaster). These are emergent groups that arise due to external situational factors, often temporarily. Examples include a group of travelers stranded due to a bus breakdown or a spontaneous mob reacting to an event.

Question 20

Formed by external events (e.g., survivors of a disaster). These are emergent groups that arise due to external situational factors, often temporarily. Examples include a group of travelers stranded due to a bus breakdown or a spontaneous mob reacting to an event.

Answer 20

Circumstantial groups

Question 21

Self-organizing groups

Answer 21

Develop organically over time (e.g., informal friend groups) (p. 12). These are emergent groups formed through the gradual alignment of individual activities into a cooperative system. Examples include parties, informal gatherings, or groups of friends who regularly spend time together.

Question 22

Develop organically over time (e.g., informal friend groups) (p. 12). These are emergent groups formed through the gradual alignment of individual activities into a cooperative system. Examples include parties, informal gatherings, or groups of friends who regularly spend time together.

Answer 22

Self-organizing groups

Question 23

What is the characteristics of a groups named composition?

Answer 23

who belongs to the group? the individual members and their traits influence group dynamics.

Boundaries: Who does not belong?
Size: How large is the group? How many ties are there?

Question 24

What is the task interaction type of group interactions?

Answer 24

The conjointly adjusted actions of group members that pertain to the group’s projects, tasks, and goals. Includes all group behavior that is:
- focused on groups work / project / plan / goal
- coordination is needed

Question 25

Which type of group interaction is this: The conjointly adjusted actions of group members that pertain to the group’s projects, tasks, and goals. Includes all group behavior that is: - focused on groups work / project / plan / goal - coordination is needed

Answer 25

Task interaction

Question 26

What is the relationship / socioemotional interaction type of group interactions?

Answer 26

The conjointly adjusted actions of group members that relate to or influence the nature and strength of the emo tional and interpersonal bonds within the group, including both sustaining (social support, consideration) and undermining actions (criticism, conflict). Includes all group behavior that is: - emotional & personal bonds - sustaining or undermining actions (social support but also criticism)

Question 27

Which type of group interaction is this: The conjointly adjusted actions of group members that relate to or influence the nature and strength of the emo tional and interpersonal bonds within the group, including both sustaining (social support, consideration) and undermining actions (criticism, conflict). Includes all group behavior that is: - emotional & personal bonds - sustaining or undermining actions (social support but also criticism)

Answer 27

Relationship / socioemotional interaction

Question 28

Wat is interdependency?

Answer 28

Mutual dependence, as when one’s outcomes, actions, thoughts, feelings, and experiences are influenced, to some degree, by other people. The way in which group members are interdependent: members rely on each other for task completion, emotional support, or shared identity.

Question 29

What is group unity?

Answer 29

How cohesive is the group?

Question 30

What is Cohesiveness?

Answer 30

Solidarity and unity of a group. The strength of ties in a group which is influenced by commitment to a shared goal rather than personal liking. - little turn over, as cohesive groups retain their members - little intragroup conflict due to strong integration and shared purpose - often based on commitment to the groups purpose (group members don’t have to like each other very much to be very cohesive) - Cohesive groups create a strong sense of belonging, with members identifying closely with the group. - Without a basic level of cohesiveness, a group risks disintegrating over time. - Cohesion can generate a powerful sense of unity even among individuals who do not have strong personal bonds. - Just as cohesive matter resists external forces in physics, cohesive groups maintain stability and resist fragmentation.

Question 31

Why is social cohesion crucial?

Answer 31

In essence, group cohesion is crucial for maintaining the integrity, structure, and effectiveness of a group, regardless of whether its members share strong personal relationships.

Question 32

Wat is Entitativity?

Answer 32

The perceived cohesiveness of a group affected by similarity, proximity, common fate. The apparent cohesiveness or unity of an assemblage of individuals; the quality of being a single entity rather than a set of independent, unrelated individuals (coined in Campbell, 1958a).

Question 33

What are the Key factors from Cambell that influence entitativity?

Answer 33

o Similarity: Individuals who share physical traits, clothing or goals are more likely to be seen as a group o Proximity: the closer individuals are to each other, the more likely they are perceived as a group o Common fate: if individuals move or act in coordination, their entitativity increases. o Emotional similarity: similar emotions, such as happy, they are more likely to be seen as a unified group.

Question 34

Brain Lickel expanded the theory of Cambell, finding that people classify groups into four categories based on entitativily, what are these groups?

Answer 34

o Intimacy groups like families o Task groups like work teams o Social categories by demographic characteristics o Collectives are temporary gatherings

Question 35

The findings suggest that groups with strong relationships and frequent interaction are perceived as ........ entitative, while temporary and loosely connected groups are seen as ....... unified. Social categories, despite their vastness, can sometimes be viewed as more "group-like" than loosely associated collectives.

Answer 35

highly less

Question 36

What are the two ways of group origin of Donald Campbell?

Answer 36

Planned and Emergent

Question 37

What is a planned group origin?

Answer 37

Deliberately formed by the members or an external authority for specific purpose. - organized - task-focused - formal - clear boundary (who belongs to the group)

Question 38

What is a emergent group origin?

Answer 38

Comes into existence spontaneously (e.g. people find themselves in the same location or gradually over time interact with one another repeatedly) - not explicitly organized - unclear boundaries - unwritten norms

Question 39

What is a group structure?

Answer 39

The organization of a group, including the members, their interrelations, and their interactions.

Question 40

What are the three ways that a group is organized?

Answer 40

1. Social networks: Who talks to whom? Who likes / dislikes whom? Whom People look to for help? 2. Roles: A socially shared set of behaviors, characteristics, and responsibilities expected of people who occupy a particular position or type of position within a group; by enacting roles, individuals establish regular patterns of exchange with one another that increase predictability and social coordination. o leader, follower, information seekers, information giver, compromiser 3. Norms: A consensual and often implicit standard that describes what behaviors should and should not be per formed in a given context. o rules that evolve within the group and are renegotiated over time. Conflicts often emerge as members violate the norms.

Question 41

Goals: what is the groups purpose? each of these basic categories can be further subdivided, yielding a total of eight goal-related activities. What are the four categories and the eight types of group purpose?

Answer 41

Generating: Groups concoct the strategies they will use to accomplish their goals (Type 1: planning tasks) or create altogether new ideas and approaches to their problems (Type 2: creativity tasks) Choosing: Groups make decisions about issues that have correct solutions (Type 3: intellective tasks) or questions that can be answered in many ways (Type 4: decision-making tasks) Negotiating: Groups resolve differences of opinion among members regarding their goals or decisions (Type 5: cognitive conflict tasks) or settle competitive disputes among members (Type 6: mixed-motive tasks) Executing: Groups do things, including taking part in competitions (Type 7: contests/battles/ competitive tasks) or creating some product or carrying out collective actions (Type 8: performances/psychomotor tasks

Question 42

McGrath’s task circumplex model also distinguishes between which tasks?

Answer 42

Conceptual–behavioral tasks and Cooperation–conflict tasks.

Question 43

McGrath’s task circumplex model also distinguishes between conceptual–behavioral tasks and cooperation–conflict tasks. Explain the type of tasks?

Answer 43

Groups dealing with conceptual tasks (Types 2–5) generally exhibit high levels of information exchange, social influence, and process-oriented activity Groups dealing with behavioral tasks (Types 1, 6, 7, 8) are those that produce things or perform services. Members of these groups perform a series of motor tasks that range from the simple and relatively individualistic through to the complex and highly interdependent. Conflict tasks (Types 4–7) pit individuals and groups against each other, whereas cooperative tasks require collaboration (Types 1–3, and 8).

Question 44

Can groups perform tasks from multiple categories of the McGrath's categories?

Answer 44

Some groups perform tasks from nearly all of McGrath’s categories, whereas others concentrate on only one subset of goals.

Question 45

What are group dynamics?

Answer 45

Group dynamics are the interpersonal processes that occur in and between groups over time, including the following:

Question 46

Which 5 interpersonal processen of group dynamics are there?

Answer 46

Formative processes, such as the need to belong to and affiliate in groups, contextual factors that promote the formation of groups, and the development of group cohesion (Chapters 3–5) Influence processes, including aspects of group structure (norms, roles, relation ships), conformity and dissent, social power, obedience to group authority, and leadership (Chapters 6–9) Performance processes, such as group productivity, social motivation, working in teams, and collaborative decision making (Chapters 10–12) Conflict processes within groups— intragroup conflict—and between groups—intergroup conflict (Chapters 13 and 14) Contextual processes that are dependent on the group’s physical setting and specific pur pose, including change-promoting groups and large collectives (Chapters 15–17

Question 47

What assumes the Tuckman's theory of group development?

Answer 47

Assumes that over time most groups move through five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

Question 48

Why should we care about group dynamics?

Answer 48

Knowing about these (and other) dimensions allow us to predict outcomes.

Question 49

How group members feel in a group?

Answer 49

Membership affects self-esteem, belonging, and social identity.

Question 50

How well a group work together?

Answer 50

Interpersonal relationships, structure, and cohesion influence group performance.

Question 51

What are the outcomes for a group?

Answer 51

Groups impact decision-making, leadership effectiveness, and conflict resolution.

Question 52

Applications to practical problems

Answer 52

Group dynamics research is applied in workplaces, therapy settings, education, and conflict management

Question 53

Lewin (1951) first used the phrase group dynamics to describe what?

Answer 53

The powerful processes that take place in groups, but group dynamics also refers to the scientific study of groups (Cartwright & Zander, 1968).

Question 54

Due to the ............., the influence of groups on individuals is often underestimated, particularly by individuals raised in more individualistic, Western cultures

Answer 54

Fundamental attribution error

Question 55

Groups alter their members’ ................. Triplett’s (1898) study of group performance demonstrated......

Answer 55

attitudes, values, and perceptions. the impact of one person on another, but some groups (primary groups, cults, etc.) influence members in substantial and enduring ways.

Question 56

A review of 25,000 studies indicated that hypotheses about groups yielded ..... findings than studies of other social psychological topics.

Answer 56

Clearer

Question 57

How do groups influence society?

Answer 57

Groups mediate the connection between individuals and society at large (Fine, 2012).

Question 58

Hofstede’s theory of national cultures identifies the key dimensions of variation that influence groups and their members, including....

Answer 58

......... power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede et al., 2010).

Question 59

Which theorie identifies the key dimensions of variation that influence groups and their members, including power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance?

Answer 59

Hofstede’s theory of national cultures

Question 60

Social Capital

Answer 60

The degree to which individuals, groups, or larger aggregates of people are linked in social relation ships that yield positive, productive benefits; analogous to economic capital (fiscal prosperity), but determined by extensiveness of social connectedness.

Question 61

Social Category

Answer 61

A perceptual grouping of people who are assumed to be similar to one another in someways but different in one or more ways, such as all women, the elderly, college students, or all the citizens of a specific country.

Question 62

Social Identity

Answer 62

An individual’s sense of self derived from relationships and memberships in groups; also, those aspects of the self that are assumed to be common to most or all of the members of the same group or social category.

Question 63

Stereotype

Answer 63

A socially shared set of qualities, characteristics, and behavioral expectations ascribed to a particular group or category of people.

Question 64

Group Cohesion

Answer 64

The solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members and group-level forces that unify the group, such as shared commitment to group goals and esprit de corps.

Question 65

Thomas theorem

Answer 65

The theoretical premise, put forward by W.I. Thomas, which maintains that people’s conception of a social situation, even if in correct, will determine their reactions in the situation; “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

Question 66

Essentialism

Answer 66

The belief that all things, including individuals and groups, have a basic nature that makes them what they are and distinguishes them from other things; a thing’s essence is usually inferred rather than directly observed and is generally assumed to be relatively unchanging.