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History GCSE > Conflict and Tension > Flashcards

Conflict and Tension Flashcards

1
Q

What is Armistice?

  • What is a Treaty?
  • When did Germany sign armistice?
  • What were the WW1 casualties, and -What was significant about these?
  • When was the ToV signed?
  • What happened in Jan1919 in the Palace of Versailles?
  • Who was not invited?
  • Who were the Big Three?
A

A piece of paper that stops the fighting

Contains terms and conditions that need to be followed after war

11 Nov 1918

2.2 Germans, 1 million Britons, 1.7 million French, 3 million Russian, 117,000 Americans. First time such large numbers

28th June 1919, almost 7 months after the end of the war.

An International conference to discuss what to do with Germany

Germany

David Lloyd-George British PM
Georges Clemenceau. French Pm
Woodrow Wilson. American president

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2
Q
  1. When did WW1 end?
  2. When was the 1st meeting of the LoN?
  3. What treaties were made in October 1925?
  4. When was Germany allowed to join the league?
  5. What pact happened on 27 August 1928?
  6. When and where did the Japanese invade?
  7. When did Hitler become chancellor of Germany?
  8. When and where did German troops move into?
  9. When was the Austrian Anschluss?
  10. What crisis happened on September 1938?
    11. When was the Nazi soviet pact?
  11. What country did Hitler invade in March 1939
  12. When did World War II start?
    
A
  1. 11 Nov 1918
  2. 1920
  3. Locarno Treaties
  4. September 1926
  5. Kellogg-Briand
  6. 1931-1933, Manchuria
  7. 30th Jan 1933
  8. March 1936, The Rhineland
  9. March 1938
  10. Sudetenland crisis
  11. 23 August 1939
  12. Czechoslovakia
  13. 1 September 1939
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3
Q

What were Clemenceau’s aims and reasons why?

A
  • To cripple Germany
  • To break it up into smaller states
  • To weaken the German military
  • Compensation in money
  • France had been invaded twice by Germany once in 1870 and again 1914. Clemenceau wanted to ensure that it would never happen again
  • France had to pay back countries such as the USA for the expenses for the war.
  • People were scared that Germany would take over France and have dominion over France
  • 2/3 of French troops were either killed or injured.
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4
Q

What were Wilson’s aims and why?

A

Idealist

  • To build a better and peaceful world
  • A lenient punishment
  • Strengthen democracy
  • Strive for world peace
  • Self determination
  • League of Nations
  • Disarmament
  • He hoped a lenient punishment would mean Germany would not take revenge.
  • No dominion= no uprisings
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5
Q

What was Lloyd-George’s aims and why?

A
  • The British public wanted a harsh punishment for Germany so Lloyd George promised a harsh punishment
  • In reality, he wanted Germany to be justly punished not too harshly
  • He wanted Germany to lose its navies and colonies
  • He thought the German empire with its navies and colonies could threaten the British empire
  • He wanted Germany to continue trading with Britain as prosperous German industries could provide jobs for those involved in British trade
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6
Q

Why did Germany expect a fair treaty? (4)

A
  • The Kaiser had gone
  • Germany had a new democratic constitution and new leaders
  • The new government needed all the help it could to stabilise Germany and prevent a communist revolution
  • The most powerful of the Allied leaders, Woodrow Wilson, wanted the treaty to be fair on Germany and based on his 14 points
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7
Q

What did Clemenceau and Wilson clash over?

A

The USA had not suffered as badly as France in the war.
So Wilson was more generous to Germany than Clemenceau.
Lloyd George and Clemenceau did agree with Wilson’s idea of self-determination in Eastern Europe, but reluctantly

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8
Q

What did Clemenceau and Lloyd-George clash over?

A

 Lloyd George didn’t want to treat Germany too harshly but Clemenceau did.
Clemenceau felt that Britain only cared about restricting Germany in areas where the British could be threatened such as the colonial naval or commercial aspects.
Clemenceau felt that Britain were happy to treat Germany fairly in Europe as they were not under direct threat but France was.

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9
Q

What did Lloyd-George and Wilson clash over?

A

One of Wilson’s 14 points was all nations having access to the seas, which threatened the British empire

The idea of self-determination also threatened the thriving British empire

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10
Q

What were the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? 🐑

A

LAND was taken away
ARMY military strength reduced
MONEY £6600million in reparations
BLAME Article 231 said Germans had to accept guilt

League of Nations were also set up

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11
Q

What were the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? (L)

A
  • Overseas empire was taken away and former German colonies became mandates controlled by the league of Nations: Togoland and Cameroon in Africa went to Britain and France; German East Africa went to Britain; and Samoa went to New Zealand
  • Germany was forbade to join together with its former ally, Austria
  • Alsace-Lorraine was given to France
  • West Prussia,Posen and Upper Silesia were given to Poland, Polish corridor created
  • The German empire and Austria Hungarian empire split into different countries. Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia were created,
  • Saarland was run by the League
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12
Q

What were the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? (A)

A
  • The army was limited to 100,000 men
  • conscription was banned soldiers had to be volunteers
  • Germany was not allowed any armoured vehicles, submarines or aircrafts
  • The Navy could only build six battleships
  • The Rhineland was to be a demilitarised zone, to protect France from German invasion.
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13
Q

What were the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? (M)

A

£6600 million was to be paid to the Allies, especially France.
If the terms had not been changed, Germany would have to continue paying until 1984

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14
Q

What were the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? (B)

A

Germany had to accept total blame for the war known as the war guilt clause. This was article 231. This was the term that was most hated by the Germans.

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15
Q

When were the terms of the treaty announced to Germany?

What did Germany lose?

A

7 May 1919

•10 per cent of its land
•all of its overseas colonies
•12.5 per cent of its population
•16 per cent of its coalfields and •almost half of its iron and steel industry.

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16
Q

How did the Big Three feel about the Treaty?

A

Clemenceau was criticised because many people thought the treaty was not harsh enough. In 1920 he was voted out of office

Lloyd George was treated as a hero in Britain but he thought that the Germans will take the revenge and predicted that in 25 years time, another war would happen

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17
Q

What did Clemenceau like and dislike about the Treaty of Versailles?

A

LIKED
• Military restrictions on Germany
• Gaining of Alsace-Lorraine
• Reparations

DISLIKED
• League of Nations
• Saar only gained for 15 years

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18
Q

What did Lloyd-George like and dislike about the Treaty of Versailles?

A

LIKED
• Punishment of Germany
• Mandates for ex-German colonies
• Naval restriction

DISLIKED
• not enough recognition that Britain and Germany needed to re-establish trade links

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19
Q

What did Wilson like and dislike about the Treaty of Versailles?

A

LIKED
• The creation of the league of Nations

DISLIKED
• Reparation payments
• Failure to agree on disarmament
• Failure to implement principle of self-determination

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20
Q

What did Clemenceau think about:

  1. The League of Nations
  2. Self-determination
  3. War guilt
  4. Reparations
  5. German colonies
  6. Lots of German territory
  7. Anschluss
  8. Disarmament
A
  1. Didn’t think it would work and didn’t want to make an expensive commitment
  2. Happy to get Alsace-Lorraine back. Happy to have new countries like Poland and Czechoslovakia to become allies with France to protect against Germany
  3. Happy because Germany can pay damages to France
  4. France desperately needed the money but the final sum was not enough
  5. Glad Germany had lost colonies and some given to France but all should be given to France and Britain instead of some being under League of Nations
  6. Germany had been weakened and key industrial areas lost but Rhineland had only been demilitarised, not taken away.
  7. Germany cannot join with Austria to create a super country which is good
  8. Germany should be completely disarmed
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21
Q

What did Lloyd-George think about:

  1. The League of Nations
  2. Self-determination
  3. War guilt
  4. Reparations
  5. German colonies
  6. Lots of German territory
  7. Anschluss
  8. Disarmament
A
  1. Didn’t believe it would work. Worried that Britain would have too big of a role
  2. Happy to have new countries as possible allies and potential balance to too much French power
  3. Guilt means reparations paid to Britain, but possibly unfair and Germany may seek revenge
  4. Will help with reconstruction and paying back loans but Germany maybe can’t afford this and could get angry. Could also weaken Germany too much + make France too powerful
  5. Glad Germany lost colonies but all should be given to Britain
  6. Germany has been weakened but might be unable to pay reparations and Britain wants Germany as counterbalance to France
  7. Agrees with France
  8. Good that Germany isn’t totally disarmed otherwise France would be too powerful. Pleased that German navy removed as it’s a threat to British naval supremacy.
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22
Q

What did Wilson think about:

  1. The League of Nations
  2. Self-determination
  3. War guilt
  4. Reparations
  5. German colonies
  6. Lots of German territory
  7. Anschluss
  8. Disarmament
A
  1. Was 1 of the 14 points and vital part of maintaining world peace in future.
  2. New countries and breakup of old empires was a key dream and part of the 14 points
  3. Unfair and inaccurate. Alliance system and arms race were also causes. Will lead to trouble as Germany will be punished too harshly
  4. Glad that Britain and France will get some money to pay back loans given by US. Worried that Germany cannot afford it. German economy will also be damaged. Germans cannot buy US goods
  5. German colonies should have been given independence not used to boost British and French empires.
  6. Was good that land had gone to create new countries like Poland but it was wrong that Germans found themselves living in other countries.
  7. Understands concern about super country, but doesn’t fit in with self-determination as Austrians are ‘German’
  8. Glad Germany disarmed but disappointed that rest of Europe/world didn’t.
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23
Q

What were German reactions to the Treaty of Versailles? (3)

A

The Germans hated the treaty and it contributed to great instability in Germany.

They thought it was a Diktat- something dictated or forced.

Many Germans did not understand the severity of the military situation at the end of the war. The propaganda and news had told them that the Germans were winning the war. They were very confused when the war ended and had thought that the German government had simply agreed to ceasefire and so should have been consulted with at the Paris peace conference.

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24
Q

What were German reactions to the Treaty of Versailles? (Detailed) LAB

The new government in Germany, ______________ , became known by the Germans as the ‘______________’ as they thought Germany had been stabbed in the back (_____________) by _____________.
The new government were horrified by the treaty and felt vulnerable worried about a ________ ___________.

A

The new government in Germany, the Weimer republic, became known by the Germans as the ‘November criminals’ as they thought Germany had been stabbed in the back (Dolchstoßlegende) by Jews and politicians.
The new government were horrified by the treaty and felt vulnerable worried about a French attack.

> Blow to German pride and economy
Saar and Upper Silesia were important industrial areas
Britain + French gained territories by controlling German and Turkish ones

= Felt army was too small. Was a symbol of German pride
= Double standards, none of the other allies disarmed
= Hitler used this to gain widespread approval by building an army

  • Outraged and believed they shouldn’t accept war guilt as they didn’t start the war
  • Germans didn’t understand how bad the military situation was and believed government agreed to ceasefire
  • Angry that the government wasn’t represented
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25
Q

Why could the Treaty of Versailles be seen as fair? (5)

A

•Europe was falling apart. The Austro
Hungarian and Ottoman Empires had ruled over most of Europe. With the collapse of these empires, politics in the region became unstable. The Allies had to act quickly. Under so much pressure, they did the best job they could.

  • What happened with the Versailles peace treaty was similar to other treaties. It was usual for the loser of a war to agree to harsh terms. When Russia surrendered in WWI, the Germans forced them to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which had taken away more than one quarter of Russia’s farmland and population. Could be evidence of what the Germans would have done to the Allies, had they won the war.
  • The ToV was signed at the end of the most devastating war the world had seen. It was only right that the losing countries should pay for it.
  • Most of the fighting had taken place in France and Belgium. As a result, large parts of France and Belgium were destroyed. They needed rebuilding
  • The treaty aimed to prevent a war from ever occurring again. The terms were harsh to remove German threat. Germany pursued an aggressive foreign policy since 1900 known as Weltpolitik.
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26
Q

Why could the Treaty of Versailles be seen as unfair? (9) LLHCDCSHW

A
  • Around 6 million Germans found themselves living outside of German territory. They feared persecution especially since Germany had signed the war guilt clause.
  • Germany lost 13% of its land. German families were forced off the land they had over generations as it was claimed by the other countries under the terms of the Treaty
  • Many of the time including Wilson and Lloyd George felt that the treaty was too harsh. They felt it would cause anger that would lead to another war in 25 years time
  • The causes of World War I were complex. Germany was not to blame. Instead of factors such as the arms race, imperialism and alliance system were to blame. Britain and Germany computer for naval and colonialsuperiority. However Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for the war under article 231.
  • Germany couldn’t negotiate, they were forced to accept the terms.
  • The reparations crippled Germany. It was estimated it would take until 1980 to pay off. It actually took until 2010.
  • The treaty of Sèvres was so harsh on Turkey that the country revolted against it and it was eventually overturned by the treaty of Lausanne.
  • Germany agreed to pay reparations in June 1919. But the actual amount was set in April 1921 and they didn’t realise it was going to be this high.
  • Germans only agreed to armistice as they were promised a fair peace treaty based on Wilson’s 14 points and they wouldn’t have signed the armistice if they knew how harsh the treaty was going to be.
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27
Q

What were the strengths of the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Brought peace to Europe after four years of fighting
  • The league of Nations was set up to prevent future conflict
  • The terms were not as harsh as they may have been (not as harsh as Germany imposed on Russia, treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918)
  • Some wanted Germany to be split in separate countries, but Germany was preserved as a large democratic country of 60 million people as a barrier against possible communist expansion from Russia.
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28
Q

What were the weaknesses of the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Extremist parties exploited the resentment Germans felt about TOV
  • Reparation crippled German economy
  •  It punished Germany enough to want revenge but not enough to stop it acting against the allies later.
  • Wilson placed too much faith in the LON
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29
Q

How did the treaty of Versailles contribute to the great instability in Germany? (5)

A
  • The Weimar government was seen as weak for signing the treaty
  • Germany’s problems over the next few years were blamed on it
  • Political chaos in Germany with attempted revolutions by Communists and Nazis
  • Failure to play reparations led France and Belgium to invade the Ruhr in 1923 leading to economic chaos and hyperinflation in 1923.
  • chaos and weak government encouraged growth of extremist political parties such as the Nazis
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30
Q

How did the treaty cause problems for Germany?

  • end of the monarchy
  • invasion of the Ruhr
  • Spartacus
A

End of the Monarchy
• Kaiser refused a democratic Germany so Germany mutinied
• This triggered socialist revolts
• Kaiser abdicated and ran to the Netherlands

Invasion of the Ruhr
• £50 million paid in 1921 but nothing in 1922 because they didn’t have any.
• French and Belgian troops entered Ruhr (industrial area) taking raw materials & goods. Legal under treaty
• Workers ordered to passively resist but 100 died and 10,000 expelled
• Halt in industrial production caused collapse of German currency

The Spartacus
• Wanted Germany to be ruled by workers council or Soviets

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31
Q

What did the big three want the League of Nations to be like?

A

WILSON wanted the league to be a world parliament where representatives of all nations met regularly to decide on any matters that affected them all

LLOYD-GEORGE wanted a simple organisation that only got together for emergencies

CLEMENCEAU proposed a strong league with an army

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32
Q

What was public reaction to the League of Nations?

When was the league of Nations set up?

Definitions of:
Covenant
Collective security
Commissions

A

People really wanted it, there was a lot of hope

10th January 1920

  1. An agreement
  2. Each member state will defend a fellow member if attacked
  3. Group set up to deal with specific issues
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33
Q

What are the five main aims of the League of Nations as drafted by Woodrow Wilson?

A

+ All major nations join the league

+ They would disarm

+ If they had a dispute with another country, they would take it to the League and accept the decision made by the League.

+ All countries in the league had to sign the covenant that promised to protect one another if they were invaded

+ If any member broke the covenant and went to war, other members promised to stop trading with that country and send troops if necessary to stop the fighting.

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34
Q 
How did the membership of the League of Nations change with:
France 
Britain 
Italy 
Japan 
Germany 
USSR
USA
A 
F= 1919-1945
B= 1919-1945
I= 1919-1937
J= 1919-1933
G= 1926-1933
USSR= 1934-1939
USA= Never Joined
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35
Q

Which countries did not join in 1920 and why?

A

Germany wasn’t allowed or invited
USSR• communist values contrasted with capitalist views and they had a civil war going on
USA• they didn’t want to get involved with European entanglements. this was important as they were the most powerful country in the world.

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36
Q

What problems did the absence of the USA cause?

A
  • no army could be created
  • no economic sanctions (America didn’t lose a lot of money in the war)
  • trade sanctions would only work if America applied them
  • the League lost the credibility
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37
Q

What was the organisation of the League of Nations?

A

ASSEMBLY•All member country sent a representative. They met once a year. Decisions had to be unanimous

COUNCIL• A smaller group that made decisions and met several times a year. It consisted of permanent members (Britain France Italy and Japan) and several non-permanent members elected for three years. The council can make decisions but they had to be unanimous.

SECRETARIAT• Kept records, prepared reports, translated documents and did a range of administrative functions.

PERMANENT COUNCIL OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE• based at The Hague in The Netherlands intended to settle disputes between countries and provide advice assembly and council

COMMISSIONS• committees that dealt with major economic or social issues such as refugees or epidemics

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION• Aimed to improve the conditions of working people throughout the world.

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38
Q

Vilna

  1. When was it?
  2. Who was it between?
  3. Where was it over?
  4. What happened?
  5. What was the decision?
  6. What was the outcome?
A
  1. 1920
  2. Poland and Lithuania
  3. Vilna, the capital of Lithuania with a majority Polish population
  4. Private Polish army took control and Lithuania pleaded to the League for help.
  5. League protested to Poland but didn’t send troops but it was a possibility.
    French didn’t want to upset Poland because they saw as a potential ally to Germany.
    Britain didn’t want to go alone so the league did nothing
  6. Poles kept Vilna- failure for League
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39
Q

Upper Silesia

  1. When was it?
  2. Who was it between?
  3. Where was it over?
  4. What happened?
  5. What was the decision?
  6. What was the outcome?
A
  1. 1921
  2. Germany and Poland
  3. Upper Silesia, an industrial region on the border of Germany and Poland
  4. It had rich iron and steel industry so Germany and Poland wanted it.
  5. A plebiscite was organised to ask Silesians what they wanted. French and British troops kept order at polling booths
  6. Industrial areas voted Germany and rural areas voted Poland. A personality of a split. Everyone was happy. Success for the league
40
Q

Aaland Islands

  1. When was it?
  2. Who was it between?
  3. Where was it over?
  4. What happened?
  5. What was the decision?
  6. What was the outcome?
A
  1. 1921
  2. Sweden And Finland
  3. The Aaland islands which was a series of islands in the sea between Sweden and Finland.
  4. Both countries wanted it and were willing to fight
  5. The League said it goes to Finland
  6. Sweden accepted the decision and it was a success for the League 
41
Q

Corfu

  1. When was it?
  2. Who was it between?
  3. Where was it over?
  4. What happened?
  5. What was the decision?
  6. What was the outcome?
  7. What was the significance?
A
  1. 1923
  2. Italy and Greece (and Albania)
  3. Corfu
  4. Conference of ambassadors appointed Italian general, Tellini, to supervise the border between Greece and Albania. They were ambushed and killed. Italy blamed Greece. They wanted compensation and execution but Greece didn’t know who killed them, so they occupied Corfu.
  5. Greece appealed to the League and they condemned Mussolini’s actions by Sept 7.
  6. Mussolini changed the League’s ruling so Greece apologised and compensated Italy directly
  7. It showed the corruption of the League
42
Q

Bulgaria

  1. When was it?
  2. Who was it between?
  3. Where was it over?
  4. What happened?
  5. What was the decision?
  6. What was the outcome?
A
  1. 1925
  2. Greece and Bulgaria
  3. A part of Bulgaria
  4. Greek troops invaded Bulgaria after an incident where Greek soldiers were killed.
  5. The League ordered Greece to pull out and pay compensation
  6. Greece obeyed but complained it was unfair.
43
Q 
What were the aims of
•International Labour Organisation 
•Commission for Refugees 
•Permanent Council Opium Board
•Organisation for Communications and Transport
A
  • To bring workers, employees, and governments together to improve the conditions that people worked in.
  • To return prisoners of war home and support refugees by improving camp conditions, finding new homes, or returning them to their countries once the threat of conflict has passed.

•To stop the cultivation (creation) and distribution of opium (an addictive drug). Opium was legally used as a painkiller but some drugstores sold it illegally.
After 1925 the board became the Permanent Central Narcotics Board and tackled other drugs as well.

• Regulated transport developed during the war to keep people safe

44
Q

What are the successes and the failures of the International Labour Organisation?

A

SUCCESSES
•1922- recommended banning white lead in paint as it was poisonous
•1930- helped Greece set up a social insurance to help people if they were unemployed because of an illness
•1928- 77 countries agreed to set a minimum wage
•The League challenged the building of a railway in Africa, so the death rate fell from 50% to 4%

FAILURES
•1919- tried to stop children under 14 working. Not adopted by most members as they thought it would cost a lot of money
•1935- only four people agreed that the working day should be limited to 8 hours, and one person called holiday payment ‘industrial suicide’


45
Q

What are the successes and the failures of the The Commission for Refugees?

A

SUCCESSES
• 1921- League helped free around 427,000 out of 500,000 prisoners of war still imprisoned from WW1 and returned them home
•1921- League helped 1.5mil Russians fleeing from civil war to find homes
•1922- League set up refugee camps and sent doctors in camps for people fleeing Greece and Turkey conflict.
• Created the Nansen passport, a document that used for identification by refugees

FAILURES
•1933- League try to appoint a high Commissioner, for refugees who were mainly Jewish, fleeing from Germany. They rejected this and couldn’t make a unanimous decision, so the commissioner was appointed as an independent body separate from the League.

46
Q

What were the successes of the Slavery Commission?

A
  • Freed 200000 slaves from Sierra Leone

* In 1927, Sierra Leone got rid of slavery altogether.

47
Q

What are the successes and the failures of the Economic and Financial committee?

A

SUCCESSES
•Austria and Hungary lost the war and were trying to rebuild their economies The League sent financial expertise to help so they wouldn’t go bankrupt
• Developed code for importing and exporting so members all followed the same rules.

FAILURES
• The commission was unable to cope after depression hit in 1929

48
Q

What are the successes and the failures of the Permanent Central Opium Board?

A

SUCCESSES
• Companies had to have a certificate to say they were allowed opium for medicinal purposes.
• Blacklisted 4 large companies involved in trading illegal drugs

FAILURES
•Some historians claim key members of the League weren’t really committed as they made a lot of money from opium.

49
Q

What are the successes of the Health Committee?

A
  • started an international campaign to kill mosquitoes which spread diseases such as malaria and yellow fever
  • worked with in Russia to organise an education program to teach people about how typhus was spread
  • sent doctors look after refugees in Turkey and help improve living conditions in refugee camps in the 20s

• was later renamed as the WHO which still exist today


50
Q

When and where were the Locarno treaties drawn up?
When and where were the Locarno treaties signed?
What was the main term?
What was the loophole? NESW
What was the Locarno honeymoon period like?

A

Switzerland in autumn 1925

London in December 1925

France Belgium and Germany promised not invade each other and Germany agreed to keep its troops out of the Rhineland

Germany accepted the territorial terms of the treaty of Versailles on the Western front but no similar promise on her eastern front.

Blissful and optimist

51
Q

How many countries signed the Kellogg-Briand pact?
Who is it named after?
What was the main term?
How did it weaken the league?

A

61

The US Secretary of State Frank.B. Kellogg and the French foreign minister Aristide Briand

Each country promised not to use war as a way of solving international disputes. No sanctions were agreed upon, which meant that disobeying countries later weren’t punished.

The League’s apparent strength lay in the belief of collective security.

52
Q

When was the Dawes plan?
Who was Dawes plan proposed by?
What was the aim of the Dawes plan?
What four ways did the Dawes plan include?

A

1924

Financial wraps from Britain France Belgium Italy and USA overseen by Charles.G.Dawes (a banker)

Made it easier for Germany to make reparations and take it out of hyperinflations.

• reduced annual payments by £50 million a year
• Forced France out of the Ruhr
• Restored the Reichsbank
• agreed separately that America would loan Germany money to boost economy (800m marks)


53
Q

When was the Young plan?
Who was it overseen by and what was the aims?
What did it do?
What did Hitler do in 1933?

A

1929

Owen.D.Young (US financier) to revise the terms of the Dawes plan

Cut total operations from 6.6 bil to 2 bil over 59 years

Formally adopted in 1930 but overruled by Hitler after 1933.

54
Q

Timeline of Disarmament

A

1921= USA Japan Britain and France agreed to limit navy size

1924= first attempt disarmament. France accepted. Britain didn’t because it would tie it to defending other countries.

1926= plans made for disarmament conference. It took five years to agree a draft convention

July 1932= Germany proposed everyone to disarm to their level. No one agreed so Germany walked out

Sep 1932= British sent Germans note agreeing to quality but superiority complex angered the Germans

Dec 1932= agreement reached to treat Germany equally

Jan 1933= Germany announced that they’re coming back

Feb 1933= Hitler became chancellor of Germany and started to secretly rearm Germany

May 1933= Hitler promises not to react with all the other countries destroy arms but they don’t so Germany openly rearms.

1933= draft convention rejected by Germany

55
Q

Why did the League of Nations fail in the 1930s?

A 
Impact of the great depression 
Japan’s invasion in Manchuria 
Mussolini‘s invasion of Abyssinia 
Hitler’s aggressive foreign-policy 
Failure of appeasement
56
Q

Why did the US depression affect the league of Nations?

A

Do US economy crashed in 1929. Everyone trade with the USA. Most countries also borrowed money from American banks. As a lot of this most countries are getting richer and reduce international attention. When he was economy crashed into poverty unemployment and misery

57
Q

How did the depression affect the USA’s attitudes to international relations?

A

The USA did not want to do economic sanctions because it will make its own economy even worse. they recalled their loans and wanted less to do with Europe.

58
Q

How did the depression affect Britain’s attitudes toward international relations?

A

Similar to the USA was unwilling to help international disputes while it’s economy was bad
For example Manchuria

59
Q

How did the depression affect Japan’s attitudes toward international relations?

A

Japan was threatened by bankruptcy. Its main export was silk to the USA but the USA did not want to buy any more silk so Japan had less money to buy food and materials.
They decided to build an empire by taking over weaker countries that had raw materials Japan needed starting with Manchuria.

60
Q

How did the depression affect Italy’s attitudes toward international relations?

A

Economic problems encouraged Mussolini to try and build an overseas empire to distract peoples attention from the difficulties the government faced.

61
Q

How did the depression affect Germany’s attitudes toward international relations?

A

There was unemployment poverty and chaos. This led people to vote for extremist parties such as the Nazis. He said what the people wanted to hear. (promised to win back land Germany had lost and invade her neighbours)

62
Q

What was the impact of the great depression on the league?

A

> less international corporation
USA and others look for themselves inside of world peace
Britain and France didn’t want to sort out disputes as they were costly and damage trade
 militaristic fascist government were voted by desperate people in economic hardship and unemployment

63
Q

What were the causes of the Manchurian crisis?
What were the events of the Manchurian crisis?
What was the actions taken by the League?
What were the consequences?

A

Japan’s economy was failing as a result of the great depression and she wanted to build up an empire by taking over weak places. Manchuria had raw materials that Japan needed

Japan claimed that the Chinese sabotage the south Manchurian railway after the explosion in September 1931. They use this as an excuse to invade and take over Manchuria and conquered Manchuria in February 1932.

China appealed to the league for help and an April 1932 Lord Lytton a ride with league delegation.
In October 1932 the league declared Japan should leave.

Japan walked out of the league of Nations conference in February 1933.
The League didn’t agree on any sanctions so no army sent in. Japan invades China.
Is Mussolini and Hitler saw how the league didn’t do anything which encourage them to do further invasions

Japan was a permanent member of the league.

64
Q

Why didn’t/couldn’t the League properly punish Japan?

A

Without the USA, Japan’s main trading partner, economic sanctions would be meaningless. Britain was more interested in its own economy.

The countries wanted to keep a good relationship with Japan

They were worried that banning arms sales to Japan meant they would retaliate and war would escalate.

Britain and France didn’t want to risk their navies or armies in a war with Japan. only the USA or USSR would have the resources to remove the Japanese from Manchuria and they weren’t even members of the league

65
Q

Why did Mussolini want to invade Abyssinia?

A

Mussolini wanted to reestablish the Roman Empire and to come back from the Great Depression. Abyssinia had a lot of mineral wealth and fertile land. Mussolini also wanted revenge for the humiliating Italian defeat from Abyssinian tribesmen. There was a dispute between Ethiopian an Italian soldiers so Mussolini took this as his cue and claimed that it was Italian territory. Abyssinian emperor Haile-Selassie appealed to the league.

66
Q

What happened in the Abyssinian crisis and what did the League do initially?

A

Mussolini was shipping his army to Africa and whipping up war fever among the Italians.
The league imposed sanctions would not include oil so the USA continue trading with Italy.
Britain and France were desperate not to anger Mussolini as he was the strongest ally against Hitler.
Some historians believe that Britain and France promised to turn a blind eye to Abyssinia in return for joining them in the Stresa pact which formalised a protest at German rearmament and a commitment to stand against Germany.
When the British public found out they were in support of Abyssinia but the league never actually did anything to discourage Mussolini.

67
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval pact?

Why was it significant?

A

Between the French and the British. They plan to give Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia if he promised to call of the invasion.

It showed how corrupt the league was Andrew and the league’s credibility. The sanctions lost all their momentum and it was seen as treachery.
In retaliation and disgust at the league’s actions, America sold even more oil to Italy

68
Q

Why did the league of Nations fail over Abyssinia? (5)

A

Abyssinia was a case of a large country (tanks, aeroplanes poison gas and modern weapons) attacking a smaller one what is exactly what the League was designed to do.

Although rubber, tin and metals were banned instantly they delayed a decision for two months whether or not to ban oil in case America didn’t support them and for their own economic interests.

The Suez Canal which was owned by Britain and France was not closed to Mussolini’s supply ships. It was the main supply route to Abyssinia and closing it could’ve ended the campaign very quickly but both Britain and France were afraid that close on the canal could have resulted in war with Italy.

The Hoare-Laval pact

On 7 March 1936, Hitler marched his troops into the Rhineland so France was desperate for Italy’s support and was prepared to give Abyssinia to Mussolini for protection.

69
Q

What were the consequences of the Abyssinian crisis?

A

Collective security had completely failed as had the credibility of the league to protect countries against aggressors

The Rome-Berlin axis was signed between Germany and Italy which meant Hitler and Mussolini combined to form powerful allies. This strained British and French relations with Italy.

70
Q

What were Hitler’s aims?(5)

A
  • Restore Germany to greatness (1000 year reign)
  • Defeating communism and the USSR before the USSR invaded Germany
  • Abolish the treaty of Versailles including getting back the land and stopping paying reparations
  • expand German territory to provide more living space (lebensraum)
  • Abolish Jews
71
Q

In ____ Hitler began________ Germany in _____ ignoring the terms of the treaty of Versailles. From _______ he started of a policy of __________. He had massive rearmament alleys in Germany in ____ to show off his power to European nations. He withdrew Germany from the _______________. He announced in 1935 that he had peacetime army of over ________, more than ____ times what he was allowed. He built hundreds of _______ and wanted to build a bigger ____.

A

In 1933 Hitler began rearming Germany in secret ignoring the terms of the treaty of Versailles. From March 1935 he started a policy of conscription. He had massive rearmament alleys in Germany in 1935 to show off his power to European nations. He withdrew Germany from the league of nations. He announced in 1935 that he had peacetime army of over 550,000, more than five times what he was allowed. He built hundreds of aircraft and wanted to build a bigger navy.

72
Q

What was the Dollfuss Affair?

A

Dollfuss was the dictator of Austria. In 1933 he outlawed the Nazi party so Austrian Nazis looked to Hitler for support. Civil War was beginning to develop so Dolphus established a complete dictatorship. Dolphus was assassinated by Austrian Nazis and Hitler considered an invasion in support of Austrian Nazis but Mussolini at the time was keen to promote his friendship with Austria so threatened war in the event of a German invasion. Hitler realise he urgently need to rearm and gain Mussolini support in any expansionist plans.

73
Q

What happened with the Saar in 1935?

A

It had been run by the league of nation since 1919 and they promised a plebiscite for people to vote on whether the region should return to German rule. Around 90% voted to return to German room this is entirely legal and a morale booster for Hitler.

74
Q

MAKE A TABLE ON HITLERS ACTIONS

A

MAKE A TABLE ON HITLERS ACTIONS

75
Q

What effects did rearmament have on German people?

A
  • reduced unemployment
  • Made Germany strong
  • challenged the terms of the treaty of Versailles.
76
Q

REARMAMENT PART A
In ____ Hitler signed a ________ pact with his neighbour _______. Each side agreed not to use force in settling disputes. This strengthened Hitler’s position because it gave him _____ ____ ____ __ ______ and ______ the _______ between Poland and Germany‘s enemy, ______. In 1935 Hitler openly paraded ______ aircrafts.

A

In 1934 Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with his neighbour Poland. Each side agreed not to use force in settling disputes. This strengthened Hitler’s position because it gave him time and space to rearm and weakened the alliance between Poland and Germany‘s enemy, France. In 1935 Hitler openly paraded 2000 aircrafts.

77
Q

REARMAMENT PART B
Hitler introduced ____________ to the army in ______ ____. It included all able-bodied boys over __. By ____ the army had grown from 100,000 to ________. Hitler got away with it. In 1935 many other countries were using rearmament as a way of ________ ____________. The ____________ showed that other nations were not ___________ ___ _______.

A

Hitler introduced conscription to the army in March 1935. It included all able-bodied boys over 19. By 1939 the army had grown from 100,000 to 1,000,000. Hitler got away with it. In 1935 many other countries were using rearmament as a way of fighting unemployment. The disarmament conference showed that other nations were not prepared to disarm.

78
Q

REARMAMENT PART C

___________ was a popular move in Germany. It boosted ____ _________. Hitler also knew that ________ had some ___________ on Germany. Britain believe that the limits on Germany’s _______ ______ were too tight. The permitted forces were not enough to _______ Germany from _______. Britain also thought that a strong Germany would be a ____ _______ against _____________.

A

REARMAMENT PART C
Rearmament was a popular move in Germany. It boosted Nazi support. Hitler also knew that Britain had some sympathy on Germany. Britain believe that the limits on Germany’s Armed Forces were too tight. The permitted forces were not enough to defend Germany from attack. Britain also thought that a strong Germany would be a good buffer against communism.

79
Q

What was the Stresa Front?

A

Britain, France and Italy signed an agreement to uphold the territorial boundaries and stop Germany from further undermining the treaty of Versailles. The agreement had little impact as Britain went on to allow Germany a large navy and in October Italy invaded Abyssinia

80
Q
  1. When was the Anglo-German Naval agreement?
  2. What did it state?
  3. What were the reactions?
  4. Which aim did it relate to?
  5. How did it break the Treaty of Versailles and what consequences did it have?
A
  1. June 1935
  2. Germany was allowed to increase its navy up to 35% the size of the British navy.
  3. France was angry but there was a little they could do
  4. Rearmament, abolishing the treaty, and greater Germany
  5. It showed that Britain, one of the key members of the league, was willing to compromise.
81
Q

What was the first big risk that Hitler took?
What did Hitler claim?
What were the risks of doing this?
Why was he able to do this?

A

Remilitarisation of the Rhineland

Hitler claimed they were only putting troops in the part of their country to defend for a possible French attack.

The German troops were not as strong as the French army so they would have faced humiliation and loss of support of the German army.

His reasons seemed believable; the League had no power; and the focus of attention was Italy’s actions in Abyssinia

82
Q

What did Germany Japan and Italy have in common?
Which two countries signed the anti-Comintern pact in 1936?
Who signed it in 1937?
What was the aim of the pact?

A 
They had an expansionist government
Germany and Japan
Italy
Limiting communist influence around the world, particularly the USSR, but also acted as an alliance against leading democratic nations. The alliance was called the axis alliance

83
Q

What were the events of Anschluss?

6

A
  1. The Dollfuss Affair
  2. The new Austrian Chancellor, Schuschnigg, tried to cooperate with Hitler. He signed the German Austrian agreement of 1936 that recognised the independence of Austria but Austria‘s foreign policy had to be consistent with Germany. He hoped it would’ve please Hitler. He was wrong.
  3. Hitler and Mussolini signed the Rome-Berlin Axis so Austria lost all hope of Italian support
  4. Hitler ordered Austrian Nazis to create chaos
  5. On 9 March 1938, Schuschnigg announced a referendum where the Austrian people would decide for themselves if they wanted to be part of Germany. Hitler was scared in case the Austrians voted against joining Germany as he would have no excuse. Hitler forced Schuschnigg to call off the referendum and he did, knowing he had no support.
  6. On 12th March, German troops marched into Austria unopposed. Hitler had control of Austria.
84
Q

What was the foreign reaction to the Anschluss?

A

France was not in a position to oppose the invasion as French politics were in turmoil as two days before the entire French government had resigned.

Chamberlain was strong on the idea of appeasement so had no political will to oppose Germany.

85
Q

What were the results of Anschluss?(4)

A

The balance of power in south-eastern Europe shifted in favour of Germany, increasing their influence in the Balkans.
Germany added 7 million people and an army of 100,000 to its Reich.
Czechoslovakia was now surrounded on three fronts by Germany.
Germany gained useful resources such as steel iron ore and Austria’s foreign exchange reserves.

86
Q

What were some arguments for appeasement? (7)

A
  • Hitler is standing up to communism
  • Not all of the British empire would support a war against Germany
  • The horrors of the Great War must not be repeated
  • Britain’s army was not ready for war
  • The country‘s economic problems are a higher priority
  • The treaty of Versailles was harsh
  • The USA will not support if they stand up to Hitler Because they did not want to get another war and it was doubtful whether the allies would win without America
87
Q

What were some arguments against appeasement?

A 
• It encouraged Hitler to be aggressive
• Allowed Germany to grow too strong
• Put too much trust in Hitler’s promises
• It scared the USSR

88
Q
  1. Why was Edward Beneš horrified by the Anschluss?
  2. What did Britain and France agree to and why did they agree to it?
  3. What did Hitler say regarding Czechoslovakia?
  4. Why did Hitler want Czechoslovakia?
  5. What did Hitler say that put Europe on full war alert?
  6. Why would Czechoslovakia be harder than Austria?
A
  1. He realised Czechoslovakia would be next
  2. France were bound by a treaty and reluctantly agreed to defend Czechoslovakia if Hitler invaded. The British felt bound to support France.
  3. He said he had no plans for it.
  4.  There was a large number of Germans, former subjects of Austria-Hungary‘s empire, in the Sudetenland
  5. He said he intended to fight Czechoslovakia if necessary
  6. France Britain and the USSR had promised to support Czechoslovakia. The Czechs had a modern army. Beneš was prepared to fight.
89
Q

When did Chamberlain go to meet Hitler first?

What did he promise Hitler?

On the 22nd-23rd September what does Hitler say to Chamberlain?

A

15 September 1938

He promised to give Hitler all the areas of Czechoslovakia where 50% or more of the population was German.

Hitler demands all of the Sudetenland. He believes the Germans in the Sudetenland are being mistreated and that he wants to rescue them.

90
Q

What happened in the Munich agreement?

A

France and Britain agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland, and Hitler promise not to invade Czechoslovakia

Chamberlain waves a piece of paper with Hitler’s statement saying ‘peace for our time’

Czechoslovakia felt betrayed and the USSR was becoming increasingly anxious as Germany was moving towards the east but the western countries didn’t care. The Czechs and Russians were not consulted.

On 1 October 1938, Hitler sent troops into the Sudetenland. He gained vital new resources and Czechoslovakia lost her border defences

91
Q

When did Hitler take over the rest of Czechoslovakia?
Did he get resistance from Czechs?
Why was this inexcusable unlike the Sudetenland?
What did France and Britain say to Hitler if he invaded Poland?
Why didn’t Hitler believe them?

A 
15 March 1938
No
The Czechs were not separated from their homeland by the Treaty.
They would declare war on Germany 
Years of appeasement.
92
Q
  1. When did The Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet pact? (Molotov-Ribbentrop)
  2. What were the clauses of the Nazi-Soviet pact?
  3. Why was Stalin worried?
  4. What did Stalin do to get security and why did he not get security?
A
  1. 1939
  2. In the event Germany attacked Poland, the Soviet Union would not go to war against Germany and would also be allowed parts of Poland.
  3. Hitler openly stated his interest in taking USSR and he hates communism
  4. > joined the league in 1934 but it was useless
    signed treaty with France in France would protect if it was involved but France wasn’t and reliable as they couldn’t even stop the Rhineland
    met with France and Britain for negotiations in the spring and summer of 1939 but Chamberlain was reluctant to commit Britain
93
Q

Why did Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet pact?

A
  • he was not convinced that Britain and France would be strong and reliable enough as allies against Hitler
  • he also wanted large sections of eastern Poland and wanted to take over Baltic states which had been part of Russia in the Tsar’s day
  • he did not believe Hitler would keep his word, but he hoped for time to build up his forces against attack
94
Q

When did Hitler invade Poland?

Why did Hitler invade Poland?

A

1 September 1939

Lebensraum
He thought Britain and France were bluffing
He could attack Poland without facing war in Russia due to the Nazi-Soviet pact
To take back the Polish corridor which was separating east Germany from Prussia.
Poland share a border with Russia said would help Hitler access Russia in 1941.
Britain sent an ultimatum in which Germany ignored so Britain declared war.

95
Q

What factors contributed to the outbreak of WW2?

A
  • The weak response of Britain and France at critical moment gave Hitler confidence. For example after he sent troops to the Rhineland, he said later that if he had met resistance he would’ve drawn back.
  • The harshness of the treaty. Some British politicians believed some of Hitler’s demands were reasonable.
  • Fear of communism. Some saw Germany as the buffer between the USSR and Western Europe.
  • The Nazi soviet pact
  • The weakness of the League of Nations
  • America’s isolationist policy

History GCSE (4 decks)

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