Conflict And Tension Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
11th Nov 1918
A
Armistice signed and Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
2
Q
Jan 1920
A
First meeting of League of Nations
3
Q
Jan 1919
A
Paris Peace Conference
4
Q
June 1919
A
Treaty of Versailles signed
5
Q
August 1922
A
Washington Naval Agreement
6
Q
October 1922
A
Mussolini becomes dictator after marching on Rome
7
Q
Economic collapse in Austria and Hungary
A
1922-1923
8
Q
Corfu Crisis
A
August 1923
9
Q
Greek-Bulgarian Dispute
A
October 1925
10
Q
The Locarno Treaties
A
October-December
11
Q
Germany joins League of Nations
A
1926
12
Q
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A
August 1928
13
Q
Manchurian Crisis
A
September 1931
14
Q
Wall Street Crash
A
October 1929
15
Q
Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor
A
January 1933
16
Q
Hitler leaves Disarmament Conference
A
October 1933
17
Q
Nazi party on Austria assassinate Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss
A
July 1934
18
Q
Hitler invades Austria
A
March 1938
19
Q
Munich Conference (Chamberlain meets Hitler over Sudeten Crisis)
A
September 1938
20
Q
German troops invade and occupy Sudetenland
A
October 1938
21
Q
USSR joins the League of Nations
A
September 1934
22
Q
Rome-Berlin Axis agreed
A
October 1936
23
Q
Italy join Anti-Comintern Pact
A
November 1936
24
Q
Japan launch full-scale invasion on China
A
July 1937
25
Saar plebiscite (rejoin Germany)
January 1935
26
Hitler announces he has built the Luftwaffe
Conscription introduced
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
March 1935
27
Anglo-German Naval Treaty
June 1935
28
Mussolini invades Abyssinia
October 1935
29
Hoare-Laval Pact leaked to press
December 1935
30
Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel
May 1939
31
Nazi-Soviet Pact signed
August 1939
32
Hitler invades Poland
| Britain and France declare war
September 1939
33
Who were the big 3
George Clemenceau-France
Lloyd George-Britain
Woodrow Wilson-USA
34
Some of Wilson’s Fourteen Points
No secret treaties
Ships of all nations have the right to sail the seas without interference
Disarmament
Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
Self-determination in Austrio-Hungarian and Ottomon empires
Independent Polish state to be created
League of Nations to be formed
35
What was the aim of the Treaty of Versailles
To punish Germany and prevent them attacking France again by weakening them
36
Treaty of Versailles terms
Anschluss forbidde
League of Nations formed
Germany not allowed tanks, submarines or Air Force
Saar under control of League of Nations for 15 years
Lost 10% of land
Rhineland demilitarised
Article 231 war guilt clause
Navy limited to 15,000 men and 1500 officers and 6 battleships
37
What land did Germany lose in TofV
```
Danzig made free city
African colonies given as mandates to LofN
Saar controlled by LofN for 15yrs
Alsace Lorraine returned to France
Eupen and Malmedy give to Belgium
North Schleswig given to Denmark
```
38
What were British opinions about the TofV
It was harsh and unfair
39
Revolts in Germany over food shortages and the war
October 1918
40
Kapp Putsch narrowly defeated
March 1920
41
LofN agrees Germany should pay £6,600 million in reparations
April 1921
42
Germany miss reparations payment, France invade Ruhr
Germany pays workers to strike
Germany’s economy crumbles
January 1923
43
Munich Putsch
| Loaf of bread costs 200,000 million marks because if hyperinflation
November 1923
44
The Dawes Plan: America lends Germany 800 million gold marks to rebuild their economy
August 1924
45
Negative consequences of treaties signed at the end of WW1
Six million Germans lived outside of German territory-feared persecution
German families forced off land they had owned for generations
Germany’s defenders were weak
Causes of WW1 were complex, yet Germany and its allies forced to take full responsibility
Treaty was forced Diktat
Germany’s thought Treaty would be based on 14 points which were fair for all
Estimated reparations would be paid by 1980s
46
Significance of Treaty of Sèvres
Proved other treaties were unenforceable - when a country rebelled their was little that other countries could do
When British made fairer treaty it looked like they accepted it was too harsh and this undermined all the treaties
Mussolini and Hitler realised that they could get away with breaking international law
47
Aims of Clemenceau
Punishment and revenge
Protection and reduction if Germany’s military
Recover losses and reparations
48
Wilson’s aims
Self-determination
Start of LofN
Stop future wars
49
Lloyd George’s aims
```
Revenge and reparations
Naval supremacy
Retain trade relationship with Germany
Reduce German Empire and preserve British Empire
Reduce risk of another war
```
50
Aims of LofN
Stop war
Encourage disarmament
Improve working conditions
Tackle deadly diseases
51
Why was Wilson not involved in LofN
Senate refused to agree
| People wanted to isolate themselves from Europe as many young Americans died in WW1
52
Where was LofN based
Geneva, Switzerland
53
How many joined LofN
When founded it had 42 members
| Rise to 58 by 1934
54
Fontainebleau Memorandum
| When and what
25th March 1919
| Said he completely supported the league
55
How did the League plan to keep the peace
Collective security
| Set up Permanent Court of International Justice
56
If the League couldn’t settle disputes they turned to
The Covenant:
Mitigation-getting countries together and talking
Moral Condemnation
Economic Sanctions
57
The Assembly
Met once a year
Each country had equal vote
In order to pass a vote the decision had to be unanimous
In charge of deciding when a new country could join, election of judges to Court of International Justice, voting for non-permanent council members, deciding how money will be spent
58
The Council
Four permanent members: Britain, France, Italy and Japan
Started at 4 non-permanent to 9 non-permanent
Non-permanent sat for 3 years
Power of veto over Assembly
59
Permanent Court of International Justice
Eleven judges and 4 deputy judges
Only gave advice not compulsory ruling (no army)
Elected by Assembly
Judges sat for 11 years
60
Secretariat
Civil service
In charge of administration
Body of experts
Carried out decisions taken by the LofN
61
Special Comissions
```
International Labour Organisation
Disarmament Commission
Health Organisation
Slavery commission
Commission for Refugees
Permanent Central Opium Board
Other Commissions helped LEDC’s, minorities and supervised mandates
```
62
Strengths of LofN
Written into all peace treaties at end of WW1- all nations signed agreement to recognise LofN
Vast membership
Moral condemnation and economic sanctions were daunting punishments
63
Weaknesses of LofN
Many important countries didn’t join- eg USA, undermined LofN at global Organisation
No army
Structure was complicated and slowed decision making
Decisions had to be unanimous
64
Successes of LofN International Labour Organisation
1922-recommended banning if white lead in paint
1930- helped Greece set up social insurance
1928-77 77 countries agreed to set minimum wage
Reduced death rate from 50% to 4% in Tanganyika railway slave labour
65
Failures of LofN International Labour Organisation
1919- suggestion to stop children under 14 not adopted by many
1935- suggested working day should be limited to 8 hours, only 4 votes in favour
66
Successes of LofN Comission for Refugees
1921- freed 428,000/500,000 WW1 war prisoners
1917- League helped 1.5mil people that had fled Russia find new homes
1922- Turkey vs Greece and forced people to flee to refugee camps, sent doctors to treat cholera and smallpox. 600,000 Greeks found homes between 1919-1923
Created Nansen passport for Refugees
67
Failure of LofN Commission for Refugees
1933- tried to appoint High Commissioner for Jews fleeing Germany which Germany rejected
68
Successes of LofN Slabery Commission
Organised raids on slave trader camps in Sierra Leone
200,000 freed
1927- Sierra Leone abolished slavery
69
Successes and Failures of LofN Economic and Financial Committee
Sent financial experts to Austria and Hungary to rebuild economies
Developed importing and exporting codes
Couldn’t cope with Global Depression
70
Successes of LofN Organisation for Communications and Transport
Introduced shipping lanes-fewer collisions
| International Highway Code
71
Successes of LofN Helath Committee
International campaign to kill mosquitoes, reduced malaria and yellow fever
Organised Russian education programme about typhus
Sent doctors to look after Refugees in Turkey in 1920s
Replaced by World Health Organisation which still exists today
72
Successes and Failures of LofN Permanent Central Opium Board
Introduced system where companies needed certificate to import opium for medicinal purposes
Blacklisted four large companies involved in trading illegal drugs
Key members not dedicated as they made lots of money from selling opium
73
Vilna Conflict
| When and what
1920
Polish army took control of Lithuanian city
League told Poland to remove army but they refused
France refuses to help as Poland was a potential ally
Britain would not send troops alone
Did nothing
74
Upper Silesia Conflict
| When and what
1921-25
1921- plebiscite, 60% voted Germany and Poland complained so it was split: Germany-Rural areas and Poland- Industrial zones
75
Åland Islands
| When and what
1921
Claimed by both Sweden and Finland who threatened war
League investigated claims
Given to Finland but no forts could be built
Successful
76
Corfu Crisis
| When and what
1923
Boundaries of Greece and Albania were still uncertain
League gave job to Italian general whose team was murdered
Mussolini demanded compensation and murders to be excecuted
31st August- Mussolini invaded, 15 killed
Greece appealed to LofN
Mussolini appealed to big 4 to undermine LofN
Greece forced to apologise and pay compensation
LofN ignored and overturned
77
Bulgarian Conflict when and what
1925
Greek soldiers killed on Bulgarian border
Greece invaded
Bulgaria appealed
Greece condemned and ordered to leave and pay compensation
Successful
78
Why did people turn to extremist parties after 1929?
The Wall Street Crash>Depression
| Lost faith in governments
79
Locarno Treaties
| When and what
1925
Streseman and Briand
7 treaties
Accepted borders defined by TofV
Agreed to settle disputes peacefully
Also signed by Britain, Italy, Belgium and Czech
Represented end of resentment toward TofV
80
Kellogg-Briand Pact
| When and What
1928
65 countries met in Paris
Independent from LofN
Makes LofN look unimportant
81
Washington As Conference
| When and what
1921-1922
Major countries like Britain, France and Japan
Decided Britain and USA could have same size navies, for every 5 tonnes their battleships weighed Japan could have 3 tonnes
Independent from LofN, shows attitudes and priorities
82
Appeal of Hitler
‘Bread and work’
Germany wanted one strong leader
Promised to take land by force so population would have space, food and resources
Promised victories in war and to restore national pride distract people from home lives
83
Manchurian Crisis timeline
```
September 1931- Mukden Incident
1932:
Jan- invade
Feb-control most of Manchuria
Mar- appeal to LofN
Apr-Lord Lytton arrives to start report
Oct-Luton Report condemns Japan
February 1933- LofN order Japan to withdraw, Japan leaves LofN and invades Jehol
1937- Japan full scale invasion
```
84
Causes of Manchurian Crisis
Close to Japan
Easy because they had army near South Manchurian Railway
Confusion as to who owned Manchuria
Japan scared China would kick out their industry
Japanese army was getting stronger
Mukden incident- explosion, soldiers claimed it was an attack by Chinese
85
Causes of Abyssinian Crisis
Hitler thought invasion would be easy as Italy had colonies on the border
Natural reassures and good land for animals
1896 failed invasion - revenge
Corfu Crisis made him confident the LofN wound to interfere
1935 the Stresa Front was agreed, Britain and France would do anything to keep him as an ally against Hitler
86
How did Mussolini invade Abyssinia?
Dec 1934- Italian soldiers clashed with Abyssinians on border at Wal Wal
150 Abyssinian and 2 Italians died
LofN found it hard to stop Mussolini
Jan 1935- French foreign minister Laval met with Mussolini to make secret agreements
Oct 1935- despite moral condemnation, troops entered Abyssinia. Bombed and used chemical weapons
June 1935- Haile Selassie appealed again
May 1936- troops took capital city
87
Why did the LofN fail in Abyssinia?
Didn’t close Suez Canal
Trade sanctions didn’t apply to USSR or USA, and coal and oil weren’t banned which Mussolini had said were vital to the invasion
Hoare-Laval Pact. Dec 1935 Britain and France met with Mussolini and agreed Italy would be given 2/3 of Abyssinia, got leaked
Trade sanctions against Abyssinia
88
When did Italy leave the LofN?
May 1936
89
Why did the LofN fail?
No army
Ambitious plans
Met only once a year
Veto from Council
Decisions had to be unanimous
Complex structure
Secretariat was very small
Depression meant countries were more concerned about their own problems
Countries not afraid of moral condemnation
Trade sanctions useless- USA not in LofN
Depression meant fascist dictators became popular
Slow to act during Manchurian Crisis
Britain and France too worried about keeping Mussolini as an ally to stop Abyssinian invasion
90
Hitler’s aims
Overturn TofV to restoreNational Pride
Rearmament
Lebensraum
Unite Volksdeutsche
Anschluss
Destroy communism
91
Why would lebensraum lead to war?
Wanted land in East
Invading Eastern Europe would be seen as an act of war
Counties would try and protect country being invaded
92
Why would Rearmament cause war?
Broke international law and looked suspicious even though it was to create jobs at munitions factories etc
93
Why would uniting volksdeutsche cause war?
Unlikely countries would give up those regions without a fight
Broke international law
94
Why would destroying communism lead to war?
USSR has a massive army and began to better relationships with Britain and France
Provoking a power nation
95
What was Chamberlains attitude toward Hitler’s foreign policies?
Hitlers speeches in the ‘20s worried him
After the non-aggression Pact in ‘34 he was satisfied Hitler didn’t want war
Wanted to achieve appeasement
96
Hitler leaves the LofN Disarmament Conference
| When and why?
1932-1934
Hitler agreed to disarm if every other country did also
If nations didn’t do this he wanted an army in equal size to France
France refused to cooperate giving Hitler an excuse to storm out
Germany then left the LofN
97
The Dolfuss Affair
| When and what?
1934
PM of Austria banned nazi party
Hitler told Austrian Nazis to create havoc so they murdered Dolfuss
Plot failed as Austrian army supported the government and Mussolini moved troops onto border
98
When and how did Germany rearm?
‘Freedom to rearm rally’ in March 1935
| Hitler showed off weapons and announced he was introducing conscription
99
When was the Saar Plebiscite and what was the outcome?
13th Jan 1935
| 90% voted to rejoin Germany
100
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
June 1935
German navy could be 35% the size of British
45% no. of British Submarines
101
Why did Hitler want troops in the Rhineland?
Defence against invasion as it borders France
| He wanted Lebensraum so needed the Rhineland as a defence during war
102
Franco-Soviet Pact
| When and what
1935
| Support each other if attacked by Germany
103
How did Hitler respond to the Franco-Soviet Pact?
Claimed it was a threat
Sent troops into Rhineland on 7th March 1936
Troops greeted with flowers
104
Why didn’t Britain react to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
Britain felt Germany had the right to protect its borders
British troops already dealing with Abyssinian Crisis
Depression- nation couldn’t afford to get involved in foreign affairs
105
Why didn’t France react to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
Politicians busy in general election, starting war would lose them votes
Most of army moves into Tunisia incase Abyssinia needed intervention
General believed the German army was bigger and better equipped than it was
106
Why didn’t the LofN react to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
Concentrating its efforts in Abyssinia
107
Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland significant?
Hitler grew confident he could do as he pleased
Turned his attention to how he could get around other terms of TofV like Anschluss
Britain and France started rearming
Locarno Treaty showed unsure relationship between Britain and France
Rome-Berlin Axis shake Mussolini thought Hitler was a force to be reckoned with
Hitler could now defend Western borders and begin gaining Lebensraum
108
Why did Hitler want Anschluss?
Austria had ruled Germany for 600yrs
Volksdeutsche
Confident he would not be stopped
109
Why did Hitler force Schuschnigg to resign?
March 1938
Replaced him with Seyss-Inquart
8PM he declared Austria was in a state of chaos and requested Germany to help restore peace
110
When did Nazi troops invade Austria?
12 March 1938
111
What was the Anti-Comintern?
| When?
Between Mussolini and Hitler stating Mussolini would not oppose Anschluss
November 1936
112
When was the Austrian plebiscite?
| How many votes for Anschluss?
10th April 1938
| 99%
113
Britain’s reaction to Anschluss
Felt they were same country
| Opposition from Churchill
114
Frances reaction to Anschluss
Had their own political problems
| 2 days before Hitler invaded the whole government resigned
115
Czech reaction to Anschluss
Fear
| They would be Hitlers next focus
116
Why did Hitler target the Sudetenland?
Czech had been set up by TofV which he wanted to overturn. He was ‘righting’ a wrong
Had forts, railways and industries- used in war effort, factories producing glass and coal, Skoda factory could be used to build tanks
3 million German-speaking people who claimed they had been persecuted
Good base to launch attack on Czech
117
Why did Chamberlain meet with Hitler in September 1938?
To solve Sudetenland crisis
Appeasement
Then met with Czechs and drives them to agree to Hitlers terms
118
Why did Chamberlain meet with Hitler a second time in 1938?
Changed demands
| Wanted the Sudetenland handed over by 1st October and insisted Poland and Hungary should receive Czech land
119
Hitlers Sudetenland demands
Czech army must leave
Handed over to Hitler
Hungary and Poland given land
Promised peace in return
120
Munich Conference
| When and what?
March 1938
Chamberlain and French president happy to meet Hitler and accept demands
USSR not consulted
121
When did Hitler invade the rest of Czech
March 1939
122
Why was the invasion of the rest of Czech significant?
First time Hitler invaded a country he had no claim to
Could have fought the Nazis
Alienated USSR and lost Hitlers as an ally
Broken promises made at Munich Conference and in Anglo-German declaration
Chamberlain promised Poland independence
123
Arguments for appeasement
Felt TofV was too harsh
Avoid war- depression, didn’t want to lose more lives, weren’t ready
Hitler kept saying he was a man of peace
Anschluss please 99% of Austrians
After Munich Conference Chamberlain was treated as a hero
Communism was more scary, a strong Germany would stop it spreading from USSR
USA signed two neutrality acts in ‘30s so they would not support Britain or France
124
Arguments against appeasement
Gave Hitler benefit of the doubt even though his speeches in the ‘20s said the only way to make Germany strong again was to use violence
Missed opportunities to stop him
More he took the more confident he got
Appeasement was morally wrong
Czech was a strong country, with little support Hitler could have been stopped
125
Why did Germany want Poland?
Volksdeutsche
| In TofV German land taken to form Poland
126
Nazi-Soviet Pact
| When and what
August 1939
Non-aggression
If USSR allowed Hitlers to invade Poland they would be given Polish Territory
127
Why didn’t the USSR trust Britain and France?
Lost faith in LofN
French did nothing during remilitarisation of Rhineland, so why would they stop Hitler invading USSR
Appeasement, they didn’t trust him either
Was not consulted in Munich Agreement
Polish knew Russians wanted their territory back so would not allow Russian troops to defend them from Nazis, added to mistrust
Hitler seemed to respect Stalin
128
Why did Russia sign Nazi Soviet Pact?
Reclaim polish land and Hitlers would do all the fighting
Didn’t trust Hitler so it bought him time
Britain and France wouldn’t support him if he declined
129
Significance of Nazi Soviet Pact
Made war inevitable
After Hitler broke Munich Agreement Britain and France realised appeasement was not working and vowed to protect Poland
Meant when war did break out they would not have support of USSR
130
Why did Germany sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
Germany didn’t want to fight war in two fronts like in WW1
131
When and how did Hitler begin his invasion of Poland
September 1939
Battleship opened fire on port of Danzig
At the same time 62 divisions of the army and 1300 aeroplanes invaded Poland
132
When was war declared?
September 1939
Britain sent ultimatum
France also declared war after Britain
