Democracy & Dictatotship Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
When did Kaiser Wilhelm II become Emperor?
A
1888
2
Q
When did Germany begin to expand its navy?
A
1898
3
Q
When did the Kaiser abdicate?
A
1918
4
Q
When did WW1 start?
A
1914
5
Q
When did the Spartacus League Revolt?
A
January 1919
6
Q
When was the TofV signed?
A
June 1919
7
Q
When was the Weimar Constitution established?
A
August 1919
8
Q
When did American Jazz music come to Germany?
A
January 1920
9
Q
When was the Nazi party founded?
A
February 1920
10
Q
When was the Kapp Putsch?
A
March 1920
11
Q
When did French and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr?
A
January 1923
12
Q
When did hyperinflation make money worthless?
A
January 1923
13
Q
When was the Munich Putsch?
A
November 1923
14
Q
When was the Dawes Plan?
A
August 1924
15
Q
When did Hindenburg become President?
A
February 1925
16
Q
When was Hitler Youth established?
A
March 1922
17
Q
When did Germany join the LofN?
A
January 1926
18
Q
When is the Young Plan proposed?
A
February 1929
19
Q
When was the Wall Street Crash?
A
October 1929
20
Q
When did the Depression hit Germany?
A
1930
21
Q
When was Hitler named Chancellor?
A
1933
22
Q
When did Hindenburg die and Hitler become Fuhrer?
A
1934
23
Q
Kristallnacht
When and what?
A
November 1938
Jewish businesses, homes and synagogues attacked
100 Jews killed
200,000 sent to concentration camps
24
Q
Night of the Long Knives
When and what?
A
June 1934
SA and political opponents arrested and shot
Over 400
25
Impact of the Night if the Long Knives
Many people close to Hitler who were a threat were dead
SS we’re now Hitlers security
They and Gestapo formed the ‘police state’
Hitler was open, he literally got away with murder
Army swore oath of loyalty, no longer suspicious of SA
26
Who was the leader of the SA?
Ernst Rohm
27
Who was the leader of the SS?
Heinrich Himmler
28
When was the Volkswagen car company formed?
1937
29
When did Germany invade Poland?
September 1939
30
Wannsee Conference
| When and what?
January 1942
Plan created for the extermination of Europe’s Jews
‘Final Solution’
Death camps set up in German occupied areas
31
When did Hitler commit suicide?
April 1945
32
When did Germany surrender in WW2?
May 1945
33
What is Militarism?
Belief that a country should have strong armed forces
34
Who were the SPD and what did they believe in?
Social Democratic Party
Socialism- power and wealth should be shared equally
Wanted Kaiser to allow Reichstag to make more social reforms to improve work
Some extremists wanted to rebel
35
When were the new Naval Laws created?
1898-1913
36
Protest against WW1
1915- 500 women gathered in front of parliament building and demanded their husbands back
1916- 10,000 workers assembled in Berlin to shout ‘Down with war, down with the government!’
37
Impact of WW1
Borrowed money from USA during war
Lent money to allies
60,000 widows and 2 million kids fatherless
Factories exhausted, were making weaponry not goods
Dived society- factory workers got rich and workers wages cut; women worked in factories and this ruined traditional family values
Had been a rich, stable nation and now there was mutiny and revolution
Many felt they could’ve won
38
When did German sailors refuse to follow orders because they no longer wanted to fight?
28th October 1918
39
Who took the Kaisers place?
Friedrich Ebert leader of SPD
40
What did the Spartacus League believe in?
Communism
| Wanted Germany run by small councils of soldiers
41
When did the Spartacists try to take Berlin?
January 1919
42
How did Ebert respond to the Spartacist revolt?
2000 Free Corps
| After 3 days of brutal street attack Berlin buildings retaken and leaders murdered
43
When was the first election of the New Democratic republic?
| What was the result?
January 1919
| SPD won and Ebert became President
44
When and why did politicians meet in Weimar to form the Weimar Republic?
February 1919
| Recent violence
45
Who were the Free Corps?
Ex-soldiers from WW1
Hated communism
Blamed Spartacists for stirring up trouble at end of war and blamed them for losing
46
2 communist uprisings in Germany
Bavaria May 1919
| Ruhr March 1920
47
What is proportional representation?
Lots of parties could win seats
Difficult to make decisions and laws
Between 1919 and 1933 no party won more than 50% of votes
With no majority deals had to be made between parties that made things even slower
48
Structure of Weimar Constitution
President > Chancellor > Reichstag > German people
49
What groups opposed new democratic republic?
```
Older army generals
Judges
Upper-class
Rich factory owners
University professors
```
50
President of Weimar Constitution
Elected every 7yrs
Controlled military
Could rule on his own during a crisis
Stayed out of day-to-day running
51
Chancellor of Weimar Constitution
Chosen by President
Day-to-day running
Law and order, taxation, schooling, healthcare
Must have support of at least half MPs to introduce new laws
52
Reichstag of Weimar Constitution
Discussed and introduced laws
MPs elected every 4yrs
Voting system- proportional representation
53
German people of Weimar Constitution
All men and women over 20
Guaranteed basic freedoms
Elected President and politicians
54
Communist Party:
Supporters
Attitude to Weimar Republic
Policies
```
Working class
Anti-Republic country should be run by workers councils
```
55
SPD:
Supporters
Attitude to Weimar Republic
Policies
Mostly working class
Pro-Republic
Every equal, wanted democracy and reforms to help workers
56
German Democratic Party:
Supporters
Attitude to Weimar Republic
Policies
Middle class, eg lawyers
Pro-republic
Individual freedom, free of speech, right to hold peaceful meeting
57
Centre Party:
Supporters
Attitude to Weimar Republic
Policies
Catholics (mostly from south)
Pro-republic
Supported interests and beliefs of Catholic Church
58
People’s Party :
Supporters
Attitude to Weimar Republic
Policies
Middle class, mainly businessmen
Pro-republic, but would like a Kaiser in future
Supported policy that supported trade and industry to make money
59
National People’s Party:
Supporters
Attitude to Weimar Republic
Policies
Middle and upper, some ex-soldiers
Anti-republic
Wanted string government led by strong politician or Kaiser
60
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis):
Supporters
Attitude to Weimar Republic
Policies
Unemployed, mainly ex-soldiers, some support form middle and upper class who feared communism
Anti-republic
Wanted Germany to be a great nation with a great military power again
Strong government ruled by one man
Hated communism because Nazis thought some races and nations were better than others
61
3 mains reasons Germans hated TofV
1) Too harsh- took away large areas of land which mean losing people, factories, farms and mines
Pay large amount of money
Humiliated and angry
2) Diktat
3) felt they hadn’t lost war, betrayed by November Criminals
62
When did Germany first fail to pay reparations and what did this lead to?
1922 the second instalment
| Jam 1923 60,000 French and Belgian soldiers invaded the Ruhr
63
How did Germany deal with the invasion of the Ruhr?
| Why did this cause Hyperinflation?
Payed workers to strike
Printed lots of money
Already lost profits from Ruhr
Money became worthless as the more money printed the higher prices got
64
How much was a loaf of bread in 1918 and the in 1923?
0.6 marks
| 201 billion marks
65
Impact of hyperinflation
Savings were worthless
Elderly who lived on fixed pensions had too low an income
Small businesses collapsed
Debts paid easily
66
Kapp Putsch
| When and what?
```
March 1920
Wolfgang Kapp led 5000 Free Corps
Took over Berlin
Politicians fled
Workers striked and after 100hrs Kapp fled
```
67
Red Rising in Ruhr
| When and what?
March-April 1920
Left-wing workers stayed on strike
Government sent Free Corps
Over 1000 workers killed
68
When was Matthias Erzberget shot?
August 1921
69
When was Karl Gereis murdered?
June 1921
70
Key changes Hitler made to Nazi Party
Designed new flag and symbol
Set up private army- SA
Changed name to Nazis
71
Members of Nazi Party:
1920
1921
3000
| 5000
72
Munich Putsch
| When and what?
8th November 1923
Interrupted meeting in beer hall where Gustav Von Kahr was speaking
Fired bullet into ceiling and announced he was taking over Bavaria and then Berlin
Locked Karhr and companions in room
Ludendorff negotiates with Kahr who went back on his word and called the police
Lundendorff and Hitler arrested
16 Nazis dead
73
How long was Hitler’s sentence and what could he have been sentenced to?
5yrs in prison
| Execution
74
How long did Hitler actually spend in prison?
9 months
75
Impact of Munich Putsch on Hitler
Valuable lesson
Changed tactics
Would have to win Germany democratically
76
During what years was Streseman Foreign Minister?
1924-1929
77
What year was Streseman Chancellor?
1923
78
Stresemann’s solution to hyperinflation Crisis
Stop printmaking
Replaced currency with temporary Rentenmark
In 1924 replaced by Reichsmark
79
Stresemann’s solution to invasion of the Ruhr
Met with US Vice President and borrowed money for reparations ‘Dawes Plan’
80
What was the Young Plan?
Streseman negotiated reparations from £6.6 billion to £1.8 billion and a longer time to pay it
81
How did Stresemann improve Germany’s image abroad?
Improve relations
1925 Locarno Pact
1926 joined LofN
1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
82
How did Stresemann solve the issues of the industries, unemployment, poor schools, housing and hospitals?
Used some money from Dawes Plan to build new factories, roads, houses and schools
Meant more jobs
83
When and how did Stresemann die?
1929 of a stroke
84
Golden Age Nightlife
New plays, operas and theatre
The Threeoenny Opera has vulgar songs about politicians that would’ve been banned in the Kaisers day
Berlin famous for its Jazz clubs with transvestite evenings, naked women and live bands
85
Golden Age literature
Became a big business
120 newspapers and magazines
Anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front sold half a million copies in 3 months
86
Golden Age Art
Avant-Garde artists like Otto Dix and George Grosz believe art Shiism show the reality of every day life
Painted in a way that criticised current events
87
Golden Age Design
New group Bahaus
| Modern, simple and practical instead of elaborate designs of the past
88
Why did some Germans, like Nazis, dislike the changes of the Golden Age?
Wanted media to celebrate older traditional values
Thought new nightclubs, shows and paintings were leading Germany into moral decline
Berlin viewed as corrupt and sex-obsessed
89
Unemployment:
1928
1929
1932
1.4 million
Just under 2 million
5.5 million
90
Why did people turn to extremist parties after the Depression?
Promised them radical solutions
Blamed the Weimar Government
Desperate
Hitler promised ‘Work and Bread’
91
Seats for the Nazi Party
May 1928- 12
September 1930- 107
July 1932- 230
November 1932- 196
92
Nazi Parties appeal- structure, tactics and methods
Nazi Party offices all over Germany
100,000 SA by 1931 > 400,000 SA by 1932
SA influenced elections through fear
Propaganda through new media- radio and cinema news reports
Bought newspapers and printed millions of leaflets and posters
Parades to show power- speeches and rallies
Hitler Youth
93
When was Goebbels made chief Nazi propagandist?
1928
94
Why did Farmers vote for the Nazis?
Hit hard by Depression as people were not buying as much food and their prices had to lower
Weimar government didn’t help
Nazis promised high prices and high status
Both hated communists who would seize land that families had farmed for generations
95
Why did women vote for Nazis?
Said that family life, good morals and self-discipline were important
Some agreed when Hitler said youth had been exposed to muck and filth in the theatre and cinema
96
Why did the middle-class vote for Nazis?
```
Wages cut by government
Large groups of unemployed youths
Feared law and order might break down or communists would destroy their way of life
Wanted Weimar Government to be strong
Nazis showed order and discipline
```
97
Why did young people vote for Nazis?
Old soldier who knows the value of a powerful military
Promised to destroy TofV
Wanted to be a part of Germany’s bright future
98
Why did the upper classes and rich factory owners support the Nazis?
Promised strong leadership and to become a more powerful nation
Promised to allow them to run factories how they wanted
Nazis fought communists who would take away their businesses
99
Order of Chancellors in ‘30s
1930-1932 Heinrich Bruning
July 1932- November Franz von Papen
Kurt von Schleicher
January 1933 Hitler
100
Reichstag Fire
| When and what?
27th February 1933
A week before voting day
Evidence unclear but blamed on communist Marinus Van der Lubbe
101
When did Hindenburg agree to pass an emergency ‘Protection Law’ giving Hitler the power to deal with Germany’s problems?
28th February 1933
102
When was the law banning communists from running in the Reichstag?
March 1933
103
The Enabling Law
| When and what?
23rd March 1933
Hitler had got majority by merging with Centre Party
Forced Reichstag to pass Enabling Law
Gave him power to make laws without Reichstag
104
When were the Gestapo formed and the first concentration camp opens in Dachau?
April 1933
105
When did Hitler ban trade unions?
2nd May 1933
106
When did Hitler ban all political parties in Germany and what was it called?
14th July 1933
| ‘Law against formation of New Parties’
107
When did Nazis order the creation of a new network of autobans?
June 1933
108
How many people gained a job because of the new autobans?
Nearly 100,000
109
How did the Nazis use invisible unemployment?
Women who gave up work to have a family did not count in official figures
Part time workers counted as full time
Sacked Jews and replaced them with non-Jews and the unemployed Jews were not counted in official figures
110
What were the terms of Hitler’s conscription?
From 1935 all makes 18-25 we’re forced to join the army for two years
111
How did conscription reduce unemployment?
The army grew from 100,000 to 1.4 million in 5 yrs
112
Who did Hitler appoint as Minister of Economics when he came to power in 1935?
Hjalmar Schacht
113
Who replaced Schacht as Minister of Economics?
| What did he introduce?
Goering
| The Four Year Plan
114
The Four Year Plan
| When and what?
1936
Prepare Germany for war
Increased military production, ordered huge amounts of weapons, equipment and uniforms which created lots of jobs in factories
115
In order to make Germany self-sufficient alternatives did scientists develop?
Petrol> coal
Wool and cotton> pulped wood
Makeup> flour
Coffee> acorns
116
What percent of Germans were involved in agriculture and forestry?
30%
117
What was the German Labour Front? (DAF)
Replaced trade unions
Promised to protect the rights of workers and improve conditions
Ran 3 schemes
118
What was the Beauty of Labour Scheme? (SDA)
```
Improves working environment by:
installing better lighting
safety equipment
New wash rooms
Low-cost canteens
Sports facilities
```
119
What was the Strength through Joy scheme? (KDF)
Organised leisure activities to encourage hard work
Reward scheme
Offered chelas holidays, theatre trips and tickets to football matches
120
What was the DAF’s third scheme?
Hitler helped design a ‘People’s Car’, a Volkswagen that ordinary people could afford
Helped workers save up for a car
121
Problems still around in Nazi Regime
Food cost more as Germany was trying to become self-sufficient
Workers lost rights because trade unions were banned, had to work as many hours as the Nazis required
Some KDF holidays were still too expensive
122
When did Hitler’s armies attack the USSR?
1941
123
Why did the German forces fail in USSR?
Freezing Russian winter
Guns wouldn’t fire properly
Poorly clothed
124
How many Germans died at Stalingrad?
Over 800,000
125
Alternative for soap during the war
Soggy, stewed pine needles
126
From when were food and clothing rationed?
| Give 2 examples
November 1939
Rationed to 1 egg a week
Hot water rationed to 2 days a week
127
What does Total War mean? Give examples
Anything that didn’t contribute to the war effort was stopped.
Beer houses, dance halls and sweat shops closed.
Letterboxes boarded up
128
By 1944 how many foreigners, including slaves, had been brought to work in German factories?
7 million
129
Impact of Britain and American bombing
```
No electricity, water or transport
People left their homes
Thousands of deaths and injuries
People had to be retrieved from their home by the medical services
Flooding and gas explosions
Danger of unexplored bombs
```
130
Give examples of indoctrination
In History they learnt mainly about German victories and how badly Germany was treated after WW1
Geography outline areas German would soon conquer
Science concentrated on weapon making and chemical warfare
In Maths they would be asked to calculate how much money Germany would save if it got rid of all the disabled people
Eugenics were race studies, learnt how to improve race and taught Nazi belief of inferiority of black people, Eastern Europeans and Jews
Textbooks were written so Nazi belief was presented as fact
All teachers had to join Herman Teachers League
131
Percentage of university professors/lecturers sacked between 1933-34
15%
| 1/3 for racial reasons and 1/2 for political reasons
132
By 1939 how many university professors/lecturers had been sacked?
Over 3000
133
Give examples of how University courses were altered during the Nazi Regime
Physics courses didn’t include Einstein’s Theory of Relativity because he was Jewish
All students had to train as a soldier for a month each year
Top professors hand-picked by Nazis
134
What were children taught in Hitler Youth?
Boys- military skills, marching, knife fighting, how to fire a gun and keep fit
Girls- good wives and mothers, cook and keep fit
135
When did Hitler ban youth groups?
1933
136
Law for the Incorporation of German Youth
| When and what?
1936
| Gave Hitler Youth equal status to Home and school
137
When was membership to Hitler’s Youth made compulsory?
1939
138
What were children encouraged to do if they heard their parents or teachers criticising the Nazis?
Report them
139
Name 3 rebel youth groups
Swing Youth
Edelweiss Pirates
Navajos
140
How many births were there in
| 1900 and 1933
2 million and then under 1 million
141
What were women banned from doing?
Smoking
Wearing trousers or high heels
Abortions
Contraception
142
Why were loans given out to newlyweds?
To encourage them to have children
| After each child they could keep a 1/4 of the money
143
How many children were born because of the Lebensborn movement?
8000
144
By March 1939 how many women had attended a motherhood training course put on by The Germans Women’s League?
1.7 million
145
How many babies born in
| 1933 and 1939
970,000 and 1.4
146
Religious split in Germany
1/3 Catholic - 20 million
| 2/3 Protestant - 40 million
147
Why did some Christians support the Nazis?
Nazis said they believe in the importance of marriage, the family and moral values
Christine feared communism as it was anti-religious
Hitler promised to respect Catholic Church
148
When did Hitler sign a Concordant with the Pope?
1933
149
How did Hitler break the Concordant with the Pope?
Harassed priest and closed down Catholic youth clubs and schools
150
When did the Pope Issue ‘With Burning Anxiety’ and what did it say?
1937
Said Nazis were ‘hostile to Christa bus his Church’
Had little effect
151
Who was the German Christians’ leader and when did he become the first Reich Bishop?
Ludwig Muller
| September 1933
152
How many Jehovahs witnesses were killed in concentration camps and why?
1/3
| Pacifists so refused to serve in the army
153
When were all Jewish lawyers and judges sacked?
March 1933
154
When were Jews banned from sports clubs and Jewish teachers sacked?
April 1933
155
When were Eugenics introduced into German schools?
September 1933
156
When were Jewish shops marked with a yellow Star of David and soldiers paid to stand outside to turn people away?
January 1934
157
Nuremberg Laws
| When and what?
```
September 1935
Stripped of German citizenship
No rights
Not allowed to vote
Couldn’t marry non-Jews
```
158
When were Jews banned from owning electrical equipment, bicycles, typewriters or music records?
January 1936
159
When were Jewish doctors sacked?
July 1938
160
When were Jews made to add Israel or Sara to their first names?
August 1938
161
When were Jewish children banned from German schools?
November 1938
162
When were Jewish and non-Jewish children banned from playing together and Jews banned from using swimming pools?
December 1938
163
When could Jews be evicted from their homes for no reason?
April 1939
164
When were Jews no longer allowed outside their home between 8pm and 6am?
September 1939
165
What is an ideal Aryan?
Strong, tall, blonde, blue-eyed and white
166
Up to 1945 how many Gypsies and Jews died in death camps?
Over 1/2 million gypsies
| Over 6 million Jews
167
Examples of violent persecution of Jews
Execution squads would hunt down and murder Jews
168
Who were undesirables?
1/2 million Tramps, beggars and alcoholics sent to camps
Thousands of prostitutes, homosexuals and problem families
Pacifists
350,000 physically and mentally disabled women were forcibly sterilised
200,000 people including 500 children murdered in specially built ‘nursing homes’
169
Statistics from Kristallnacht
10,000 shops had windows broken
100 killed
20,000 sent to camps
200 synagogues burnt down
170
Impact of war on Jews
Jews that left Germany to live in nearby countries like Holland or Belgium were again under Nazi rule
3 million in Poland
2.7 million in Western Russia
Over 1 million in France, Denmark, Norway and the Balkans
171
How did Jews resist the persecution?
Some Jews escaped execution squads and formed resistance groups
Attack soldiers and blow up railway lines
Rare and hunted down
172
When was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and how long did it last?
1943
| Lasted 43 days
173
Details of Treblinka death camp rebellion
```
One prisoner managed to get into weapons store
Handed out guns and grenades
Set camp on fire
150 escapes
15 guards killed
All escapees killed
550 other prisoners killed in revenge
```
174
How many Jews were killed?
Six million
175
How did ordinary people helped with the Final Solution?
Railway workers loaded Jews into cattle trucks
Office clerks, typists, telephone operators, policemen and soldiers
159 German companies used Auschwitz prisoners as slaves to build their goods
Firms competed for the contract to design and build gas chambers and ovens
176
Who did all the police forces report to?
Himmler
177
Name and describe the 3 divisions of the SS
SD- security, arrest anyone, search homes and seize property. Spied and policed Nazi Party
Waffen SS- elite army unit
Death’s Heat Units ran concentration and death camps
178
Why was the police and law courts unfair?
Ignored crimes committed by Nazis
All top jobs went to the Nazis
Death penalty given for anti-Hitler jokes, having sex with a Jew or listening to foreign radio
179
What did the Gestapo do?
```
Didn’t wear uniforms
Spied
Tapped cellphones
Opened mail
Imprison people without trial
Torture anyone
Networks of informers
```
180
How did Goebbels censor the newspapers?
Only stories that showed Nazis doing good things were printed
Negative stories about Jews
Newspapers that printed stories that weren’t approved by Goebbels were shut down
181
How did Goebbels censor films?
All film plots showed to him before they were made
| All films had to show the Nazis in a good way and their enemies in a bad way
182
How did Goebbels use Mass rallies as propaganda?
Big parades celebrated Hitlers greatness
Special arenas built that could hold 1/2 million
Choirs, bands, speeches, fireworks and air shows to showcase how impressive and organised Nazis were
183
How did Goebbels censor books, theatre and music
```
Writers forced to write books, plays and songs that praised Hitler and the Nazis
Music had to be Austrian or German
Jewish and Jazz music banned
Bach, Beethoven etc was popular
Cabaret clubs shut down
```
184
How did Goebbels censor the radio?
Nazis controlled all stations
Put across Nazi ideas
Cheap radios produced so everyone could tune into Nazi-controlled stations
Loudspeakers place in streets, factories and cafes
185
What was the Chamber of Culture?
Led by Goebbels
All musicians, writers and actors had to be members
Jews banned
Ruled that all cultural activities had to given the same message that Nazi beliefs and ideas were correct
186
How did Goebbels censor literature?
List of banned books
187
When did Hitler ban the Bauhaus movement?
1933
188
When did Nazi publicly burn 5000 paintings they disapproved of?
1936
189
When was the Olympic Games held in Berlin?
1936
190
Examples of passive resistance to the Nazis
Refused to give Heil Hitler salute or give money to Hitler Youth members who went collecting from house to house
191
What did the White Rose group do?
Urged Germans to get rid of Hitler
| Anti-Nazi leaflets, poster and graffiti
192
What did the Edelweiss Pirates and Navajos do in rebellion?
Beat up Nazi officials and helped army deserters
Sabotaged railway lines
Spied on military and wild secrets to other countries
193
When did the Catholic Church criticise the killings of physically and mentally disabled people?
1941
194
Who were the Kreisau Circle?
Army officers, professors and aristocrats who were appalled by the brutality of the Nazi Regime
Discussed removing Hitler but never took action
195
What group was behind the July Bomb Plot and who were their leaders?
Beck-Goerdeler group
| Led by former army general Ludwig Beck and Nazi official Karl Goerdeler
196
When were the 3 attempts on Hitlers life by Beck-Goerdeler group?
March and November 1943
| July 1944
197
When was the July Bomb Plot?
July 1944
198
How did they plan to kill Hitler in the July Bomb Plot?
| What was the result?
Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg agreed to help detonate a bomb during a meeting
They then hoped to take over
Killed 4
Failed to kill Hitler
