Confucianism and Daoism Passages

Question 1

The Great Learning

Answer 1

This Confucian text outlines a path to societal harmony that starts with personal self-cultivation. The process moves outward: from the individual, to the family, to the state, and finally the world. One must first fix their own character before trying to improve society. Virtue and sincerity are the foundation of lasting peace.

Question 2

The Analects of Confucius

Answer 2

Confucius teaches that learning, virtue, and self-discipline are essential to moral life. Filial piety, just leadership, and honest conduct are core values. The ideal person (junzi) acts rightly, values humility, and influences others through example. He avoids talk of gods or the afterlife, focusing on ethical living here and now.

Question 3

Fingarette - “Human Community as Holy Rite”

Answer 3

Fingarette argues that Confucianism treats ordinary life as sacred through sincere rituals and moral relationships. Spirituality is found in daily acts—respecting parents, being honest, doing one’s job well. Confucius sees these as reverent acts that bind the human community. This is called “the holy in the secular.”

Question 4

Mencius and Xunzi

Answer 4

Mencius believes people are naturally good and have inborn moral potential, like sprouts that need care. Xunzi believes people are naturally selfish and must be shaped by ritual and training. Mencius blames bad environments for immorality, while Xunzi sees discipline as the key to goodness. Their debate shapes Confucian views on education and ethics.

Question 5

Daodejing (Laozi / Daoism)

Answer 5

The Dao is the mysterious, nameless source of all things—it can’t be fully described. Daoism teaches wu-wei, or effortless action, living in harmony with nature rather than forcing outcomes. The best rulers lead quietly and avoid control. Gentleness and humility are more powerful than force.

Question 6

Zhuangzi (Dao Text)

Answer 6

Zhuangzi uses stories and paradoxes to show that rigid thinking and ego block the Dao. True wisdom flows with change and sees beyond right and wrong. Mastery comes from harmony with nature, not effort. Happiness and peace come from letting go, not chasing success or resisting death.