congenital heart diseases

Question 1

where is the ostium primum ASD

Answer 1

inferior portion of the IAS

Question 2

how is an ostium primum asd formed

Answer 2

when the septum primum fails to fuse with the endocardial cushion during septation

Question 3

associated anomalies with the ostium primum ASD

Answer 3

malformed mitral valve

Question 4

what is ostium secundum ASD

Answer 4

mid portion of the IAS

Question 5

what is the most common ASD

Answer 5

ostium secundum

Question 6

sinus venosus asd

Answer 6

near the SVC superior portion of the IAS

Question 7

what anomalies are associated with sinus venosus asd

Answer 7

partial pulmonary venous return (PV’s do not return to the LA)

Question 8

where is a coronary sinus ASD

Answer 8

inferior portion of IAS close to coronary sinus

Question 9

common atria

Answer 9

absence of near absence of the IAS

Question 10

normal Qp/Qs ratio is

Answer 10

1/1 or 1

Question 11

a small shunt ratio

Answer 11

1.5/1

Question 12

a moderate shunt ratio

Answer 12

2/1

Question 13

a large shunt ratio

Answer 13

> 2/1

Question 14

what is the ratio when a shunt is RIGHT TO LEFT

Answer 14

less than 1

Question 15

the shunts direction depends on what ?

Answer 15

the PVR and SVR
or
pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance

Question 16

when a shunt becomes right to left that is called

Answer 16

eisenmengers syndrome

Question 17

eisenmengers syndrome can lead too

Answer 17

cyanosis

Question 18

how to calculate the shunt ratio

Answer 18

Question 19

CSA used to calculate the shunt ratio

Answer 19

.785

Question 20

FVI is

Answer 20

the VTI
the distance the blood travels with each stroke

Question 21

inlet VSD is

Answer 21

by the MV and TV
associated w/ atrioventricular septal defect

Question 22

muscular or trabecular VSD location

Answer 22

usually low on the septal wall, in the thicker more muscular portion close to the apex

Question 23

a muscular VSD gives the appearance of what

Answer 23

swiss cheese

Question 24

outlet VSD location

Answer 24

between LVOT and RVOT

Question 25

the outlet VSD is associated w/

Answer 25

AV prolapse and AI

Question 26

membranous/perimembranous vsd location ..

Answer 26

bordered by TV and AOV high in the septal wall in the thinner, more flexible portion of the septum

Question 27

mal-alignment of the septum vsd

Answer 27

2 portions of the IVS have failed to align properly during development

Question 28

carcinoid disease echo findings

Answer 28

1. fixed and rigid TV 2. TR 3. PI 4. right heart failure

Question 29

vsd direction equation

Answer 29

(.782)(rvot diameter)^2 x (rvot planimeter pwd) / (.785 lvot diameter^2) x (lvot planimeter pwd)

Question 30

what kind of murmur is a PDA

Answer 30

a continuous high pitched murmur

Question 31

why after birth a pda blood moves from aorta to pulmonary artery

Answer 31

the SVR is greater than the PVR

Question 32

endocardial cushion defect combination of congenital anomalies

Answer 32

a hole in the center of the heart a common valve

Question 33

what trisomy is assoc. w/ endocardial cushion defecf

Answer 33

21

Question 34

endocardial cushion defect symptoms

Answer 34

cyanosis dyspnea fatigue murmur poor appetite and weight gain coughing, wheezing, swelling

Question 35

cleft mitral valve most commonly affect which leaflet

Answer 35

anterior

Question 36

cleft mitral valve associated lesions

Answer 36

ASD AVSD MVP PDA VSD

Question 37

valvular pulmonic stenosis

Answer 37

stenosis of the cusps

Question 38

most common cause of valvular PS

Answer 38

congenital

Question 39

sub valvular PS

Answer 39

stenosis of the RVOT

Question 40

pulmonic valve continuity equation

Answer 40

(VTI RVOT) x CSA RVOT / VTI PV

Question 41

mild PS PG

Answer 41

<36 mmhg

Question 42

severe PS PG

Answer 42

>64 mmhg

Question 43

with aortic coarctation where is the BP higher

Answer 43

the upper extremities

Question 44

where does an aortic coarctation occur

Answer 44

AO ithmus

Question 45

the result of a LARGE RA from ebstein anomaly can cause

Answer 45

PFO small RV TR and Right sided HF

Question 46

ebsteins anomaly is usually associated w/

Answer 46

ASD VSD PFO PDA PS MS TET. OF FALLOT

Question 47

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT 4 DEFECTS

Answer 47

1. OVER RIDING AORTA 2. RVH 3. VSD 4. PS

Question 48

CHILDREN with tetralogy of fallot usually experience what

Answer 48

exercise intolerance squat spells episodes of cysnosis and faintness

Question 49

Dextro TGA

Answer 49

the pulmonary artery and the aorta are switched

Question 50

levo TGA

Answer 50

the anatomic right and the anatomic left ventricles are switched