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AP PSYCH > Congnitive Psychology > Flashcards

Congnitive Psychology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of internal mental processes

Perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem-solving and learning

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2
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about our thinking (planning, monitoring one’s thoughts, making decisions, strategies to remember information)

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3
Q

Schema

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

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4
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or best example of a specific concept or category (hear bird think Bluejay)

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5
Q

Convergent thinking (inside the box)

A

Coming up with a single, well established answer (limits creativity)

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6
Q

Divergent thinking (outside the box)

A

Generates creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions

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7
Q

Problem solving

A

Mental process to discover, analyze and solve problems

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8
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step procedures to find the correct answer to a particular problem (slow but accurate)

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9
Q

Heuristics

A

Guess based on prior experience to narrow down possible solutions

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10
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Comparing the present situation to the most representative mental prototype (allows for a quick decisions)

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11
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind

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12
Q

Insights

A

Sudden and new realization of the solution to a problem (not reliable)

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13
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Studied insights
Put a banana just out of chimps reach. They were unproductive until they realize they could place the boxes on top to reach the banana

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14
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to only use solutions that have worked in the past (rigid and inflexible)

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15
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Prevents people from fully seeing all the different options available

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16
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence

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17
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to hold on to beliefs even when evidence proves those beliefs to be wrong

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18
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skills or judgment

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19
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency people have to view events is more predictable than they really are

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20
Q

Framing

A

Process of presenting an issue that affects the decisions and judgment people make

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21
Q

Anchoring effect

A

Favor the first information given

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22
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

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23
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest unit of sound

S in sat or T in tap

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24
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of meaning

un or ly in unfriendly

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25
Grammar
System of rules governing the structure and use of language
26
Babbling stage
Four months of age Vocalize various sounds unrelated to language Mama or dada
27
One word stage
Ages one and two Whole idea expressed in one word Go or car or kitty
28
Two word stage
Use of mostly nouns and verbs (telegraphic speech) Application of grammar rules where they do not apply (overgeneralization)
29
Full sentences
Ages 6 to 10 | Master syllable stress patterns to distinguish among words
30
Skinners theory of language acquisition
Children learn language through operant conditioning | Children receive rewards for using language in a functional manner
31
Noam Chomsky inborn universal grammar
All humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language located in a specific region of the brain
32
Wernick‘s area
Region of the brain important for language development and responsible for speech comprehension
33
Wernick’s aphasia
Speak in phrases that sounds fluent yet lack meaning
34
Brocas area
Region of the brain involved in production of speech and helps you put words together fluently to form sentences
35
Brocas aphasia
Lack of fluency with preserved language comprehension
36
Critical periods for language
Window on language learning gradually closes in early childhood If not exposed by age 7 children gradually lose their ability to master language
37
Linguistic determination
Benjamin Whorf, individuals describe the world they live in based on the language they are used to
38
Euphemism
Innocuous word or phrase used to disguised truth | Enhanced interrogation technique a.k.a. torture
39
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
40
Binet-Simon intelligence scale
Designed a series of test to assess mental abilities
41
Stanford Binet intelligence test
Formula to compute one’s intelligence quotient
42
Intelligence quotient
Mental age from exam divided by chronological age
43
General intelligence (G factor)
Charles spearman intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured
44
Factor analysis
People who perform one well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests
45
Raymond Cattell
Determine Spearman‘s G should be divided into two factors of intelligence
46
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason and think flexibly, stronger in youth
47
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulation of knowledge, facts and skills acquired throughout life tends to increase with age
48
Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligences
Distinct types of intelligence based on skills and abilities IQ tests are not full and accurate depiction of ability
49
Savant syndrome
Low IQ but a specific exceptional skill For Gardners theory against spearman‘s
50
Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
Three different factors of intelligence Practical – experimental style leads to specific learning Analytical-solving a well defined problem with a single answer Creative - generating new ideas
51
Emotional intelligence
Ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions
52
Wechsler Intelligence Test
Corrects for cultural bias by including nonverbal questions
53
Heritability
Intelligence estimates range from 50 to 75% Genetic make up determines the upper limit for IQ and ideal environment and lower limit in an impoverished environment
54
Flynn effect
IQ scores have been rising worldwide because of education, nutrition and more access to information 
55
Psychometrician
Methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data
56
Standardization
Ensures the test is administered and scored uniformly to define meaningful scores
57
Norms
Each test taker completes the test under the same conditions
58
Achievement tests
Measures a persons knowledge in a specific area | Test in psychology, math unit test
59
Aptitude test
Assesses what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is capable of learning
60
Group tests
Set a guys test can be administered in groups, widely used in efficient
61
Individual tests
Administered by a trained professional to provide more information on behavior and creative responses
62
Reliability
Consistency Tendency of a test to produce the same scores each time
63
Validity
Degree in which a test measures what it supposed to measure
64
Test retest reliability
Administering a test twice at two different points in time same results
65
Split half reliability
Measures the extent of which the parts of a test equally contribute to what is being measured
66
Content validity
Measures all aspects of what is designed to measure
67
Predictive
Test accurately forecast performance on future measure
68
Ethics and standards in testing
Professional standards for psychological test to promote the welfare of test takers
69
IQ test measure
A persons ability to use logic and solve problems, recognize patterns and make rapid connections
70
Intellectual disability
Score 2 or more standard deviation‘s below the norm (70 or below) Serious limitations and areas such as learning, reasoning, communication and self help skills
71
Causes for intellectual disability
Genetic conditions, injuries, illness, labor/delivery problems and pregnancy problems
72
Intellectually gifted
.2% receive an IQ score of more than 145 Learn faster and learn more independently

AP PSYCH (7 decks)

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