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AP PSYCH > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Memory

A

Any indication that learning has persisted over time

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2
Q

Recall

A

Being able to assess the information without being cued

Fill in the blank test without a word bank

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3
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying information after experiencing it again

Multiple choice test

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4
Q

Relearning

A

When we learn something for the second time the process occurs faster than the first time

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5
Q

Encoding

A

The process of putting information into the memory system

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6
Q

Automatic encoding

A

Time, space, frequency and the meaning of words

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7
Q

Effortful encoding

A

Requires attention and conscious effort

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8
Q

Visual encoding

A

Seeing-shallow

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9
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Hearing – shallow

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10
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Meaning – deep

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11
Q

Storage

A

Creation of a permanent record of encoded information (retain)

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12
Q

Retrieval

A

Calling back stored information on demand when it is needed

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13
Q

Parallel processing

A

Brains ability to make sense of several different incoming stimuli at the same time

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14
Q

Atkinson - Shiffrin three stage model of memory

A

Three different memory systems characterized by time frames

Sensory memory, short-term or working memory, long-term memory

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15
Q

Sensory memory

A

External stimuli from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived
(0-5 seconds)

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16
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sensory input creates a fleeting photographic visual image (less than one second)

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17
Q

Echoic memory

A

1 to 3 seconds auditory recording

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18
Q

Short term or working memory

A

The information we are currently aware of or thinking about (20 seconds)

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19
Q

George Miller‘s magic 7+/-2

A

 Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using short term memory

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20
Q

Limits of short-term memory

A

Distraction - rapid loss
Trying to hold too much information
A demanding task

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21
Q

Long-term memory

A

All memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds

Vast storage capacity

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22
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Any memory from the past

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23
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do a task in the future

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24
Q

Explicit or declarative memory (conscious)

A

Information you have to consciously work to remember through effortful processing
(Facts, concepts and events)

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25
Semantic memory
Memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge
26
Episodic memory
Long term memory that involves recollection of specific events, situations and experiences
27
Implicit memory (unconscious)
Information you unconsciously and effortlessly remember
28
Procedural memory
How to perform specific tasks you don’t have to consciously recall
29
Flashbulb memory
Vivid, detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident or emotionally significant world events (September 11)
30
Rosy retrospection
Working memory tends to delete mundane and or boring, only store interesting into long-term memory
31
Context dependent memory
Easier to recall information in the same environment which it was required
32
State dependent memory
Memories that are triggered or enhanced by current mood
33
Memory consolidation
Process where a brain converts short-term memory into long-term
34
Long-term potentiation
Strengthening of a synaptic connection through repeated neural action (Eric Kandes)
35
Storage decay, forgetting curve
more time goes by the less we remember, 70% of information is forgotten within 24 hours (Herman Ebbinghaus)
36
Trace decay theory
Overtime our memories biologically degenerate
37
Amnesia
Full or partial loss of memory due to injury or trauma
38
Retrograde amnesia
Cannot remember things that happened before the events that caused them
39
Anterograde amnesia
Unable to create new memories after amnesia inducing event
40
Serial position effect
We usually recall the last words or first words in a long list
41
Primacy effect
Better recall of first items from rehearsal
42
Recency effect
Better recall of last items, still in working memory
43
Retrieval failure
Failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli that were present at the time the memory was encoded
44
Motivated forgetting
Painful or embarrassing events are forced out of mind and harder to retrieve
45
Tip of the tongue state
Feeling a memory is available but not quite retrievable
46
Encoding failure
Occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place In one ear out the other
47
Proactive interference
Older memories interfere with the retrieval of new memories
48
Retroactive interference
New memories interfere with the retrieval older memories
49
Memory reconstruction
Memory is a cognitive process with errors | We construct memories as we encode, alter them as we withdraw and update memories with reasoning
50
Pseudo memories
False memory that a person believes to be true
51
Belief bias
Biased on which sorces of information we believe in
52
Suggestibility
Trusted sources lead to high levels of suggestibility
53
Misinformation effect
When trusted sources give false information we believe it
54
Memory construction
A real memory but not every detail
55
The wording effect
Leading questions can cause us to fill in the blanks correctly
56
False memory
Repeatedly imagining non-fiction events can create memories that are completely false
57
Infantile amnesia
No episodic memories under the age of three because the hippocampus is not fully developed
58
Hypnosis
Heightened state of suggestibility is likely to result in memory construction and false memories
59
Eyewitness testimony
Found unreliable by Elizabeth Loftus
60
Distributed practice
Spacing study material by including breaks between study periods
61
Massed cramming
Memorization and learning into one session
62
Spacing effect
Using smaller increments of study over longer periods of time is more effective for learning and memory retention
63
Rehearsal/over learning
Practice repetition and studying increase long-term potentiation
64
The testing affects
Studying technique that forces you to recall works better than just rereading information
65
Retrieval cues
Reminders associated with information we are trying to get out of memory, eight us in remembering
66
Sensory associations
Sight, sound, smells and taste
67
Context effect
Easier to retrieve memories in the environment they were encoded
68
Chunking
Process of taking pieces of information and grouping them into larger units
69
Mnemonic devices
Encoding strategies used to organize to be learned material in order to make it more meaningful and easier to remember
70
Peg word system
Used for lists, image is visualized which holds the pegs for the information that needs to be recalled
71
Memory palace
Association of words on a list with the visualization of places on a familiar path
72
Sleep
Sleeping after learning something new leads to physical changes in the brain
73
Effortful processing
In order for information to be moved from short-term to long-term memory you need to actively attend to the info

AP PSYCH (7 decks)

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