Connective Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
8 fixed cells
A
Mesochymal stem cells Macrophages Fibroblasts Fibrocytes Reticular cells Endothelial cells Pericyte Adipose cells
2
Q
Where do muscle and connective tissues come from?
A
Mesoderm of the embryo
Mesodermal origin
3
Q
4 types of connective tissues
A
Blood
Bone
Cartrilage
Connective tissue proper
4
Q
Functions of CT
A
- Supports organs and cells
- Medium for exchange of nutrients wastes between the blood and tissues
- Protects against microorganisms
- Repairs damaged tissues
5
Q
Connective tissues consist of
A
Cells
Fibres
Extracellular matrix(intercellular fluid) (ground substance)
6
Q
CT cells are divided into 2 based on mobility
A
Fixed cells and free (transient ) cells
7
Q
Eg of fixed cells
A
Fixed;
Mesenchymal, reticular, fibroblast, fat cells, pericytes, fixed macrophages, pigment cells.
8
Q
Eg of free cells
A
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Extravasated leukocytes
Free macrophages
9
Q
CT cells are divided in 2 based on their shape
A
Branched an oval (round) cells
10
Q
Eg branched cells
A
Mesenchymal, reticular, fibroblast, pericytes, fixed macrophages, pigment cells.
11
Q
Oval eg oval cells
A
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Extravasated leukocytes
Fat cells
12
Q
Origin of fibroblasts
A
Undeffrantiated mesnchemal cell. And pericytes
13
Q
UMC
A
Undeffrantiated mesnchemal cell.
14
Q
Most common type of connective cells
A
Fibroblasts
15
Q
Fibrocyte
A
Inactive fibroblast
16
Q
Cytoplasm of fibroblast
A
Basophilic
17
Q
Nucleus of fibroblasts
A
euchromatic nucleus
Oval central
Prominent nucleolus
Pale basophilic
18
Q
Fibroblasts under EM
A
Organelles of protein secreting cells
19
Q
Functions of fibroblasts
A
Synthesis of fibres
Synthesis of ground matrix (glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins)
Healing and repair of the injured CT
20
Q
Fibrocytes under LM
A
Small spindle shape
21
Q
Cytoplasm and nucleus of fibrocytes
A
Pale basophilic deeply stained nucleus
22
Q
Function of fibrocytes
A
Change to active fibroblasts in need
23
Q
Macrophages orgin
A
Blood monocytes
24
Q
Macrophages in liver
A
Kupffer
25
Macrophages in lung
Dust cells
26
Macrophages in skin
Langerhans cells
27
Macrophages in the spleen
Macrophages of the spleen
28
Macrophages of the brain
Microglia
29
Shape of macrophages
Large, irregular
30
Cytoplasm of macrophages
Basophilic pale, contains a layer of lysosomes
31
Nucleus of macrophages
Heterochromatic, eccentric, kidney chaped
32
Functions of macrophages
Immunity ( antigen presenting),
secretion (chemotactic factor)
phagocytosis,
destruction of aged RBCs
33
EM of macrophages
Lysosomes
| Phagocytic vacuoles
34
Precursor of macrophages is... and it’s found in ....
Monocytes
| Blood
35
Where are macrophages
Connective tissues
Bone marrow
Lymphoid organs
36
Functions of langerhans and dendritic cells
Antigen processing and presentation
37
Function of osteoclasts
Digestion of bone
38
What are Multi nuclear giant cell function (type of macrophages)
Segregation and digestion of foreign bodies
39
What are Multi nuclear giant cell
Fusion of several macrophages
40
What are the macrophages in the lymph nodes
Dendritic cell
41
Where are microglia cell
Nerve tissue of the central nervous system
42
Origin of mass cells
Progenitor cells in bone marrow
43
Mass cells are (fixed/ free)
Free
44
Types of mass cells 2
CT mass cells
| Mucosal mass cells
45
Where are CT mast cells and what are they rich in
Skin, peritoneal cavity
| Rich in heparin
46
Where are mucosal mast cells and whatbare they rich in
Intestinal mucosa, kung,
| Rich in chonroitin sulphate
47
Shape of mast cells
Oval/ rounded
48
Cytoplasm of mast cells
Basophilic
49
Shape of nucleus of mast cells
Spherical and covered by granules
50
Functions of mast cells
Synthesis
Storage
And secretion
51
What do mast cells store, secret, and synthesise
```
Heparin
Histamine
ECF
ANCF
Prostaglandins
```
52
What happens in the first allergic exposure
IgE bind to mass cells receptors
53
What happens in the second exposure
Antigen binds to receptor IgE, degranulation of mast cells and release of various mediators like histamine
54
ECF
eosinophil chemotactic factor
55
SRS-A
slow reacting substance of anaphylactic
56
NCF
neutrophil chemotactic factor
57
primary mediators in mast cells
```
heparin,
histamine (chondroitin sulfate),
neutral proteases (tryptase, chymase),
eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF),
slow reacting substance of anaphylactic(SRS-A),
neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)
```
58
secondary mediators of mast cells
bradykinins,
interleukins,
tumor necrosis factor- alpha,
platelet activating factor .
59
Secretion of mast cell granules can result in
Hypersensitivity reaction and anaphylaxis
60
Hypersensitivity reaction
inflammatory response initiated by Mast cells high affinity cell surface receptors for Ig E,
61
Explain allergies
First exposure macrophages take the antigen give it to B lymphocytes which make plasma cells where they make Ige that stick as receptors to mass cells. When the second exposure hits the antigen stick to mast cells causing them to secret everything.
62
Where do plasma cells origin from? And what kind of cells are they
Activated b-lymphocytes
63
What is the function of plasma cells
Synthesis and secretion of antibodies (immunoglobulins)
64
Shape and cytoplasm of plasma cells
Oval
| Basophilic (rich in rER) with negative golgi image (well developed golgi) and russell bodies and contains mitochondria
65
Nucleus of plasma cells
Round and eccentric nucleus
| Heterochromatin and euchromatin in a clock face appearance
66
Pericytes shape
branched cells with flattened nuclei.
67
Pericytes origin
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.
68
Pericytes can differentiate into
Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
69
Pericytes have the characters of
smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.
70
Function of pericytes
Surround endothelial cells of blood capillaries and venules and contract to let blood flow
71
Where are Unilocular fat cells
subcutaneous tissue, around blood vessels, kidney and in peritoneum
72
Shape of Unilocular fat cells
Large ovoid cells Contains a large single droplet, pushing the cytoplasm and nucleus against the cell membrane. Ring shape
73
Function Unilocular fat cells
Synthesis and storage of fat
| • Heat insulation
74
Nucleus of Unilocular fat cells
eccentric and flat
75
E/M of Unilocular fat cells
Ribosomes, rER, Mitochondria, fat droplet is not surrounded by a membrane.
76
Color of multilocular fat cells
Brown fat
77
Function of where are multinoclear fat cells found
Fetuses and new borns in the axilla, neck, interscapular region, around thoracic aorta
78
Brown fat cells are .... (smaller/ larger) than Unilocular fat cells
Smaller
79
Cytoplasm and nucleus of brown fat cells
Cytoplasm contains small fat drops and nucleus is spherical
80
Mitochondria is rich in .......
Cytochrome oxidase enzyme
81
Function of brown fat cells
Heat generation
82
Three main types of fibers:
Collagen,elastic and reticular fibers
83
Collagen and reticular fibers are formed of
protein collagen
84
Elastic fibers are composed mainly of
protein elastin
85
..... fibers are tough and provide tensile strength
Collagen
86
..... fibers allow for stretch
Elastic
87
.... fibers make network
Reticular
88
most abundant protein in the human body
Collagen type 1
89
Collagen fibers are synthesized by:
* Fibroblast
* Chondroblast in cartilage
* Osteoblast in bone
* Odontoblast in teeth
90
3 amino acids that form collagen
Lysine
Proline
Hydroxyproline
91
Tropocollagen
A triple helix that is 3 protein polypeptide
92
Collagen type 3 is
Reticular fiber
93
reticular cells are synthesized by
fibroblasts
94
reticular are formed of
central core of type III collagen surrounded by glycoprotein.
95
Shape of reticular fibers
form branching and anastomosing
96
reticular fibers are stained by
silver and PAS.
97
Function of reticular tissues
They forms the supportive network of parenchymatous organs e.g. lymph node, spleen and liver.
98
Why are Elastic fibers yellow
because the color of the fibers in fresh state is yellow
99
Elastic fibers are formed of two types of proteins
Elastin and Microfibrils protein
100
Elasticity of elastic fibers
stretchable but regain their original length
101
Shape of elastic fibers
thin, straight and branching
102
Cytoplasm of elastic fibers
mildly acidophilic
103
What is Ground substance
Colorless, transparent, gel-like materials in which cells and fibers are embedded.
104
Ground substance are secreted by
fibroblasts
105
Extracellular matrix
Tissue fluid & Ground substance
106
Ground substance consists of
Glycosaminoglycans:GAGs
Proteoglycan
Glycoproteins
107
Glycosaminoglycans:GAGs
long unbranched(linear) polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. Chondritin sulfate,keratin sulfate, heparin sulfate and hyalouronic acid.
108
Glycoproteins
proteins that "contain" oligosaccharide chains (glycans)
109
Proteoglycan
core of protein bound to GAGs.
110
Tissue fluid is Derived from
blood capillaries.
111
Hyalonan is found in
synovial fluid, vitreous humor, matrix of loose CT.
112
Chondroitin is found in
4- & 6- sulfate: cartilage, bone, valves of the heart.
113
Dermatan sulfate is found in
skin, blood vessels, valves.
114
Keratan sulfate is found in
Bone, cartilage, cornea.
115
Heparan sulfate is found in
Basal lamina, cell surface.
116
Heparin
granules of mast cells & basophiles.
117
Proteoglycans types
Agrecan
Decorin
Versican
Syndecan
118
Agrecan is found in
Cartilage & bone
119
Decorin is found in
CT, fibroblasts, cartilage & bone
120
Versican is found in
Fibroblasts, skin, smooth muscles, brain, mesangial cells of kidney.
121
Syndecan is found in
Embryonic epithelia, lymphocytes mesenchymal cells, plasma cells.
