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Connective tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Connective tissue definition

A

Responsible for connection and binding of cells and organs

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2
Q

Structural function of CT

A
  • Form capsules that surround the organs and the internal architecture that support parenchymal cells
  • Dense CT makes up tendons and ligaments
  • Areloar CT fills up space between organs
  • Bone and cartilage support soft tissue
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3
Q

Defensive function of CT

A
  • CT provides a physical barrier preventing disperssion of micro-organisms that pass through the epithelia
  • CT contains phagocytic cells that phagocytose organisms and produce substances that modulate infammation
  • CT contains plasma cells that produce antibodies
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4
Q

Other functions of CT

A

Nuitritive function

Storage of fat

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5
Q

Embryonic origin of CT

A

Most CT is developed from the mesenchyme which develops from the mesoderm

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6
Q

Mesenchyme cells characteristics

A

They are rapidly dividing cells with high rate of protein synthesis
Nucleus: Oval with prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin
Cytoplasm: -Small in amount, have multiple thin processes
-Free ribosomes and mitochondria

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7
Q

Composition of CT

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Cells
Blood vessels
Nerves

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8
Q

Extracellular matrix components

A

Ground amorphus substance
Fibres - Collagen
- Reticular
-Elastic

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9
Q

Ground amorphus substance description

A

Amorphous, colorless, transparent and homogenous substance
Contains water, minerals and polysaccharides like:
-Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
-Proteoglycans
-Glycoproteins

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10
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Structure and types

A

Linear polysaccharides formed by repeated disaccharide units
The repeated disaccharide units are uronic acids and amino suragrs as hexosamines
TYPES:
-Non-sulphated GAGs: hyaluronic acid (long chain)
-Sulphated GAGs: chondrotin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate (short chain)

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11
Q

Proteoglycans

structure and types

A

When sulfated GAGs are conjucated with an axial protein they are called proteoglycans
When several proteoglycans are bound to hyaluronic acid, they form proteoglycan-hyalurinate complex (in cartialge, basophilic)

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12
Q

Glycoproteins

Structure and types

A 
Multi-adhesive macromolecules formed mainly of protein conjucated with few sugars or branched oligosaccharides 
Types:
Fibronectin: present in CT
Chondronectin: present in cartilage
Laminin: Present in basal lamina
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13
Q

Glycoproteins compared with proteoglycans

A

In glycoproteins:
The protein moiety predominates
Do not contain linear polysaccharides
The carbohydrates are branched

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14
Q

Functions of GAGs

A

Supportive as in cartilage
Protection against bacteria
Bind growth factors and can inhibit and activate these factors
Transport tissue fluid through their meshes
Lubricant as in joints

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15
Q

Glycoproteins functions

A

Are multi-adhesive

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16
Q

Clinical correlation of the ground amorphous substance

A

Form a barrier against penetration

Hyaluriondase of certain bacteria can dissolve it though

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17
Q

Collagen functions

A

It is a strong, resistant, supportive element in ECM

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18
Q

Collagen structure

A

Collagen fibres is composed of fibrils
Collagen fibirils is composed of microfibrils
Microfibrils is composed of tropocollagen helices
Each triple helix is composed of 3 polypeptide chains

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19
Q

Collagen type I

Function, stie

A
  • It is a basic protein that resists tension

- Present it: -CT proper -Fibrocartilage

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20
Q

Collagen type I

Medical applications

A
  • Defective formation of collagen type I will cause spontaneous fractures and cardiac insufficiency leading to heart failure ( inherited genitic disease) this is called Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Keloid: Disfiguring local swelling caused by abnormal amounts of collagen in skin scars
  • Scurvy: Lack of vitamin C (essential for hydroxylation of proline) causes ulceration of gums and hemorrhages
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21
Q

Collagen type II

Function, site

A

Resists pressure

Found in hyaline and elastic cartilage

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22
Q

Collagen type III

Function, site

A

Supportive in expansible organs
Present in :
-Loose and reticular CT
-Blood vessels

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23
Q

Collagen type III

Medical applications

A

Defective formation of colagen type III in the wall of aorta may lead to its ruptue (aneurysm)

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24
Q

Collagen type IV

Function, stie

A

Acts as a filter

Present in basal lamina

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25
Collagen type V | Function, stie
Is present in asscociation with collagen type I Present in: -Fetal membranes -Basement membranes
26
Collagen type VII | Function, stie
Anchoring/Linking collagen | Present in basment membranes
27
Cells seceting collagen fibres
- Fibroblasts - Chondroblasts - Odontoblasts - Osteoblasts - Vascular smooth muscle cells
28
Cells secreting elastic fibres
- vascular smooth muscle cells - Chondroblasts - Fibroblasts
29
Cells secreting reticular fibres
- Fibroblasts - Schwann's cells (Endoneurium) - Vascular smooth muscle cells - Hepatocytes (liver) - Reticular cells in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
30
Staining of collagen fibres
Wish acidic dyes (Eosin) and Sirius red
31
Staining of reticular fibres
They have high content of sugar so they are PAS+ve (brown) and argyrophilic (with silver)
32
Staining of elastic fibres
Brown with orcein
33
Reticular fibres structure
Composed mainly of collagen type III in association with other types of collagen
34
Elastic fibres structure
Composed of - Elastin protein - Fibrillin (which is microfibril that forms a scaffold upon which elastin is deposited and present around and inside elastic fibres)
35
Clinical applications of elastic fibres
Marfan syndrome: A defective genetic formation of fibrillin leads to lack of resistance in tissue rich in elastic fibres like aorta which becomes swollen forming an aneurysm and may rupture
36
Types of CT cells
Fixed cells | Transient cells
37
Fixed cells | Origin and example
The originate locally from undefferentiated mesenchymal cells and spend their life in the CT Example: -Fibroblasts -Adipose cells -Undefferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMC)
38
Transient cells | Origin and example
``` They come from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and travel to the CT by blood Examples: -Plsma cells -Mast cells -Macrophages -Leucocytes ```
39
Fibroblasts types
Active form :Fibroblast Inactive form: Fibrocyte Myofibroblast
40
Fibroblast | Shape and function
Irregular branched cells with cytoplasmic processes Synthesis of collagen, reticular and elastic fibres Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins of the matrix
41
Fibroblasts | LM
Large ovoid nucleus, pale stained with fine chromatin and a prominent nucleolus Abundant basophilia in the cytoplasm
42
Fibroblast | EM
Rich in rER | Well developed Golgi apparatus
43
Fibrocyte | size, LM, EM
``` SMaller than fibroblast Spindle shapped wth fewer proceses Smaller, elongated and darker nucleus Nearly acidophilic cytoplasm Few rER ```
44
Myofibroblast | Characteristics and function
Contains increased amount of actin and myosin microfilaments Responsible for wound closure
45
Cells involved in the healing of wound and formation of scar:
- Fibroblasts - Myofibroblasts - Pericytes
46
The mononuclear phagocyte system
Macrophages distributed throughtout the body
47
Macrophage name in liver
Kupffer cells
48
Macrophage name in CNS
Microglial cells
49
Macrophage name in bone tissue
Osteoclasts
50
Macrophage name in Skin
Langerhan's cells
51
Macrophage name in Lymph node
Dendritic cells
52
Macrophage name in Lungs
Dust cells
53
Macrophage name in blood
Monocytes
54
Macrophage name in connective tissue
Macrophages/Histocytes
55
All cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system have the same:
Morphology Cell surface receptors Enzymes of lysozome Are capable of phagocytosis
56
Mononuclear phagocyte system stains
By injection of vital dyes (Trypan blue or Indian ink)
57
Macrophages | LM shape, cytoplasm and nucleus
Irregular surface with protrusions and indentations Basophilic cytoplasm that contains many small vacuoles and dense granules Eccentric nucleus that looks oval or kidney-shaped
58
Macrophages | EM
Many lysozomes Well developed Golgi Prominent rER
59
Macrophages | Function
- Ingestion and digestion of foreign particles by lysozomes - Antigen processing and presentation - Destruction of old red blood cells. - Secretion of substances that participate in defensive function - Activation of the immune response
60
What happenes when macrophages are activated:
- Possessing more microvilli and lamellipodia - Exhibit more locomotion - Increase their capacity for phagocytosis - Increase in intracellular digestion - Enhanced lysosomal activity - Secretion of substances that participate in inflammation and repair (Collagenase)
61
Under chronic inflammatory conditions, what happens to the macrophages?
Greately enlarge and become epitheliod cells or fuse to form a giant multinucleated macrophage
62
Mast cells | Origin, shape, cytoplasm, nucleus
From stem cells in the bone marrow Oval to rounded cells Cytoplasm filled with basophilic corase granules Small, spherical, centrally located nucleus which is obscured by cytoplasmic granules
63
Mast cells | EM
Well-developed Golgi Heterogenous membrane-bound granules Few mitochondria rER
64
Mast cells | Stain
Metachromatic stain with toulidine blue
65
Difference between primary and secondary mediators of inflammation
Primary mediators are synthesised and stored inside the mast cel while secondary mediators are synthesised and immediately released
66
Primary mediators examples:
Heparin Histamine Neutral proteases ECF-A (eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis)
67
Secondary mediators examples:
Leukotrienes | SRS-A (Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis)
68
Mast cell | Function
Synthesis, storage and release of chemical mediators of inflammation
69
Inflammation definition
Localized reddness, hotness and swelling
70
Histamine | Functions
- Dilated blood capilaries and increases their permiability | - Causes contraction of smooth muscles (mainly bronchioles)
71
Leukotrienes functions
Produce slow contraction of smooth muscles
72
EFC-A function
It is anticoagulant
73
Release of mast cells contents produces an allergic reaction known as
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylactic shock)
74
Process of anaphylaxis
1-The first exposure to antigen (bee venom or tetanus antitoxin) results in production of IgE by plasma cells 2- IgE binds to the surface of mast cells 3- A second exposure to the antigen results in binding of the antigen to the IgE on the mast cell surface 4- This event triggers the release of mast cell granules liberating histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and ECF-A
75
Plasma cell | Origin, shape, cytoplasm and nucleus
From B-lymphocytes from the bone marrow Large ovoid cells Basophilic cytoplasm with clear -ve Golgi image near the nucleus Spherical, eccentric nucleus with compact corase chromatin alternating with light areas giving a cartwheel/ clock-face appearance
76
Plasma cell | EM
Rich in rER | Well developed Golgi and centriole are present juxtanuclear
77
Sites of plasma cells
Numerous in sites subjected to penetration by bacteria (Respiratory tract and intestine) Areas of chronic inflammation
78
Plasma cells | Function
Synthesis of antibodies
79
Antibody defenition
Antibodies are specific gobulins produced in response to penetration by antigen Each antibody is specific for one type of antigen
80
Leukocytes | sites and examples
They migrate from blood to CT across capilaries and venules | They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophiles and lymphocytes
81
CT proper examples
Loose connective tissue | Dense connective tissue (regular and irregular)
82
CT with special properties examples
- Adipose - Elastic - Mucous - Reticular - Hematopoietic
83
Supporting CT examples
Cartilae | Bone
84
Loose (areolar) CT | sites
- Fills space between fibres and muscle sheathes - Papillary layer of dermis and hypodermis - Supports epithelial tissue of serous membranes (Pleura, peritoneium, pericardium), mucous membranes and glands - Ensheathes the blood and lymphatic vessels
85
Dense irregular CT | sites
Reticular layer of the dermis | Capsules of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, perichondrium and periosteum
86
Dense regular CT | Sites
Tendons | Liagments
87
Yellow elastic tissue | Sites
- Ligaments of vertebral column (Ligmentum flava and ligmentum nuchae) - True vocal cords - Elastic lamina of arteries - Suspensory ligaments of penis
88
Reticular CT | Sites
It forms the framework of all parenchymatous tissue: - Myeloid tissue (bone marrow) - Hematopoitic organs - Liver - Lymphoid organs (lymph node, lymph nodules, spleen)
89
Mucoid CT | Sites
- Umbilical cord (Wharton's jelly) - Pulp of young tooth - Vitreous humor of the eye
90
Unilocular adipocyte | Sites
Present throughtout the human body except: - eyelids - penis - scrotum - auricle of external ear except the lobule
91
Mulitlocular adipocytes | Sites
In hibernating animals | In human embryo and newborns in (neck, axilla and mediastinum)

Histology (5 decks)

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