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Cytology Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Cytoskeleton componets

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
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2
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A

-Shaping of cells
-Important in cellular movement
Movement of vesicles and organelles in the cytoplasm
Movement of parts of the cell forming pseudopodia
Movement of the cell as a whole as in spermatozoa
- Supportive internal skeleton to the cell

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3
Q

Microfilaments

Synonym

A

Actin Filaments

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4
Q

Microfilaments

Size

A

Thin filaments of 6nm in diameter

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5
Q

Microfilaments

Percentage

A

Actin constitues 15% of total protein content of non-muscle cell

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6
Q

Microfilaments

Sites

A

In non-muscle cells: form a sheath under the cell membrane and are also present in cell extensions like pseudopodian and microvilli
In muscle cells: ACtin filaments interdigitate with thick myosin filaments in parallel arrays

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7
Q

Microfilaments

Structure

A

It is found in the cytoplasm in 2 forms:
G-actin: dispersed in the cytosol, not visible with EM, polymerize together to firm F-actin
F-actin: The filament consists of a double stranded helix. Each strand is a polymer of G-actin

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8
Q

Actin filaments ends

A

Plus end where molecules are added leading t the elongation of the filament
Minus end where actin molecules are removed leading to shortening of actin filaments

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9
Q

Microfilaments

Functions

A

-Contraction of muscle cells
-Anchorage and movement of membrane proteins
-Movement of plasma membrane as in endo and exocytosis
-Formation of pseudopodia and microvilli
-Locomotion of cells
Formation of contractile ring during cell divisionn

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10
Q

Intermediate filaments

Size

A

10 nm

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11
Q

Intermediate filaments

Characteristics

A

Stable structures with neither a plus or minus end

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12
Q

Keratins

A

Include tonofilaments

They are found in most epithelia

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13
Q

Desmin

A

In muscles

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14
Q

Vimentin

A

In fibroblasts

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15
Q

Neurofilaments

A

In neurons (axons and dendrites)

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16
Q

Glial filaments

A

In neuroglial cells

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17
Q

Intermediate filaments

Sites in the cytoplasm

A
  • Keratin
  • Desmin
  • Vimentin
  • Neurofilaments
  • Glial filaments
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18
Q

Intermediate filaments

Sities in the nucleus

A

Lamins

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19
Q

Microtubules

Sites

A

Cytoplasm of all cells except RBCs

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20
Q

Microtubules

Size

A

24 nm

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21
Q

Microtubules

Structure

Study These Flashcards
A

Longitudinally:long, straight, rigid, hollow cylinders
Transverse: fine circles with dense wall and hollow core

22
Q

Microtubules

Subunits

Study These Flashcards
A

Tubulin

Is of 2 types: alpha and beta

23
Q

Tubulin dimers

Study These Flashcards
A

One dimer is alpha and beta
They are organised into spiral with total number of 13 subunits in each complete turn of the spiralto form 13 linear protofilaments

24
Q

Microtubules

Types in the cytoplasm

Study These Flashcards
A

Dispersed microtubules

Organised microtubules as in cilia and centrioles

25
Microtubules | Functions
-Maintain the shape of the cell because of its rigidity -Dispersed microtubules are responsible for intracellular transport of organelles and vesicles -Microtubules provide basis structure for: Centrioles Cilia Flagella Mitotic spindle
26
MTOC | Definition, function,examples
Microtubules organising centre is a structure found in eukaryotic cells It is responsibe for polymerization of tubulin subunits to form microtubules examples: - Basal bodies of the cilia - Centrioles - Centromeres of the chromosomes
27
Microtubules associated proteins (MAPs) | definition
They are special proteins that assist in intracellular movement of organelles and vesicles and also prevent depolarization of the mictrotubule
28
Kinesin
Motor protein | Moves the vesicles towards the plus + end
29
Cytoplasm dynein
Motor protein | Moves vesicles towards the minus - end
30
Dynamin
it is a protein that forms cross-bridges between neighbouring microtubules
31
Axonemal dynein
is a proteins that foms arms of the doublets of the shaft of the cilia and is motor protein responsible for ciliary movement
32
Functions of centrioles
They form mitotic spindles They forms basal bodies of cilia and flagella They form microtubules organising centres (MTOCs)
33
Cilia sites
Some cells of the respiratory system | Female genital tract (fallopian tube and uterus)
34
Cilium size
Diameter 0.2 um and length of 7-10 um
35
Functions of cilia
In trachea, they move to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt In the fallopian tube to move the ovum towards the uterus for possible pregnancy
36
Nucleus stain
By H&E, the nucleus is basophilic because of its contents | By Feulgen stain, DNA is feulgen positive (red) while RNA is feulgen negative
37
Nucleus structure by EM
Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Nucleoplasm or karyoplasm
38
Nuclear envelope is formed of 2 parallel membranes each is a unit membrane seperated by........
perinuclear cisternae
39
Nuclear pore
It is a channel which provide bidirectional communication between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
40
Types of heterochromatin
Peripheral chromatin Nucleolar associated chromatin Islands of chromatin
41
Nuleosome
is the basic structural unit of chromatin. DNA is wrapped twice around a core of 8 histones (octamer) The octamer is formed of 2 molecules of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 10-11 nm in diameter
42
Selinoid
Nucelosomes become coiled around an axis with 6 nucleosomes per turn 30 nm
43
Looped domain of chromatin
Further coiling of the 30 nm forming series of loops | 300 nm
44
Heterochromain and metaphase chromosomes
700 nm 1400 nm formed during mitosis due to further coiling and condensation
45
Nucleolus LM
Deepley basophilic due to its content of ribonucleoproteins
46
Nucleolus EM
Pars amorpha Pars fibrosa Pars granulosa
47
Pars amorpha
Round pale areas formed of tips of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 they are nucleolar organisers responsible for formation of rRNA
48
Pars fibrosa
Formed of fine electron dense filments of newly formed rRNA
49
Pars granulosa
dense strands having granular appearance and is the site of formation of ribosomal subunits
50
Functions of nucleolus
Formation of ribosomes

Histology (5 decks)

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