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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

5 types of mesenchymal cells

A

• fibroblast - fibrocyte
• chondroblast - chondrocyte
• osetoblast - osteocyte
• adipocyte (white/ brown adipose tissue)
• mast cells

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2
Q

5 types of haematopoetic cells

A

• monocytes
• macrophages
• lymphocytes
• mast cells
• Blood Cells

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3
Q

Collagen

A

tropocollagen is a triple helix of peptides -about 300nm long
• Fibroblasts secrete tropocollagen subunits
• Fibres assembled extra-cellularly
• More than 20 types

Variable thickness and length, often run in bundles
• Neither elastic nor contractile
• Most forms only produce linear fibres

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4
Q

Type I collagen

A

Skin

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5
Q

Type II collagen

A

Cartilage

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6
Q

Type III collagen

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

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7
Q

Type IV collagen

A

Basement membrane

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8
Q

Type V collagen

A

Placenta

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9
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

comprises of widely spaced thin collagen fibres, fibroblasts/fibrocytes, unstained ground substance

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10
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

comprises of: closely spaced thick collagen fibres, fibroblasts/fibrocytes, unstained ground substance
• May be irregular or regular
All collagen fibres run in same orientation

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11
Q

Example of dense connective tissue

A

Tendons and ligaments

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12
Q

Reticulin

A

type III collagen
• Fibrillar collagen
• Forms a supporting scaffold in many organs eg bone marrow, liver, kidney, lymph node, spleen
• Not visible with H&E- need a silver stain (the black lines)
• Can form branched fibres

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13
Q

Elastin

A

elastic tissue contains fine fibres and sheets of elastin
• Fibres may be branched
• Produced by fibroblasts
• Stain pink with H&E- more clearly visible with Van Gieson
• Easily confused with smooth muscle cells
• Important in blood vessels as allows recoil and stretch

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14
Q

White adipose tissue

A

large cells with single fat globule in each cell that pushes cytoplasm and nucleus to edges
• Usually appear empty in conventional slides as fat is extracted during processing
• Protect vital organs, insulation and serve as energy stores

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15
Q

Where is white adipose tissue normally found

A

eg around aorta, kidneys, in subcutis, omentum

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16
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

cells with many globules of fat (multi-locular)
• Important in neonatal thermo-regulation (generate heat via oxidation of fatty acids) as have a high SA:VOL
Disappear with age

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17
Q

Where is brown adipose tissue found

A

Found across shoulders and down back of newborn, on chest between shoulder blades

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18
Q

Cartilage

A

hard connective tissue
• Constituents:
• Cells- chondroblasts, chondrocytes (appear in clumps)
• Extracellular matrix - glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid), proteoglycans (condroitin sulphate, keratin glycan) = flexible, compressible and hardwearing
• Extracellular fibres- collagen, elastin
• Cartilage is avascular- received nutrients and oxygen via diffusion from surroundings
• Surrounded by a fibrous capsule (collagen)- Perichondrium

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19
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

found in synovial joints (knee joint, nasal septum)
• Chondrocytes in lacunae surrounded by a glassy amorphous matrix
• No visible fibres
• Perichondrium- fibroblasts and collagen

Matrix bonds large amounts of water which, when impressed, exudes from cartilage before being taken up again when pressure is released

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21
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

found in the annulus (intervertebral discs), fibrosis, pubic symphysis
• Visible collagen fibres in matrix
• Perichondrium- fibroblasts and collagen

22
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

found in the pinna (ear), epiglottis
• Visible elastic fibres in matrix
• Perichondrium fibroblasts and collagen
• Visible with H&E but more visible with silver staining

23
Q

Synovium

A

lines the inside of the joint capsule
• 1-4 layers of synovial cells
• Type A- phagocytes
• Type B- rich in RER and secrete synovial fluid
• variable shapes- squamous to cuboidal
• Richly vascular, highly innervated

24
Q

3 muscle types

A

Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

25
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle
• discrete Fusiform cells coupled together by gap junctions so they function as a whole
• Each gap junction consists of a complex of 6 connexon proteins that span the cell membrane linking the interiors of adjacent muscle cells
• Guarded central pore in the connexon complex permits small molecular weight molecules (signal molecules) to passs from one cell to the next in the chain, electrically coupling and allowing the cotraction stimulus to pass from one cell to the next quickly
• Not individually innervated so contract slower than skeletal muscle fibres as rely on a stimulus arriving via a gap juction
• Anchored focally to inside of cell membrane
• Central oval or flattened nucleus
• Have several surface receptors to allow response to hormonal stimuli
• No striations
• non-branching, elongated spindle shapes

26
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

Found in walls of blood vessels, tube of intestine, bronchioles of lung, uterine wall (myometrium)

27
Q

Is smooth muscle striated

A

No

28
Q

Does smooth muscle have branching

A

No

29
Q

Where is the nucleus

A

Central

30
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated

A

Yes

31
Q

Is cardiac muscle branching

A

Yes

32
Q

Where is the nucleus in cardiac muscle

A

Central

33
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated

A

Yes

34
Q

Does skeletal muscle have branching

A

No

35
Q

Where is the nucleus in cardiac muscle

A

The edge

36
Q

Visible extracellular fibres

A

Collagen, elastin, reticulin

37
Q

Invisible extracellular fibres

A

Fibronectin and laminin

38
Q

Ground substances

A

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans

39
Q

Which tissue lacks lymphatics

A

Cartilage

40
Q

Why is articular cartilage slow to repair

A

Articular cartilage doesn’t have a fibrous perichondrium. Perichondrium is a rich source of chondroblasts for synthesis and repair of cartilage so articular cartilage is slow to repair

41
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found

A

Articular surfaces, supporting rings of trachea and cartilage of larynx.
All long bones initially hyaline cartilage which is subsequently replaced by bone by process of endochondral ossification

42
Q

Ligaments

A

thick ribbons of parallel collagen fibres, between which lie the fibroblasts that synthesise them. The fibres become very compact and regular, squashing the fibroblasts

43
Q

Amorphous material (GAS)

A

high molecular weight, strong hydrophilic and negatively charged polysaccharide polymers that retain water and maintain the rigorous of the cells embedded within them

44
Q

Where are connective tissue derived from

A

Mainly derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells but also from haematopoetic stem cell line

45
Q

Fibrin

A

an insoluble protein that is produced in response to bleeding and is the major component of the blood clot. Fibrin is a tough protein substance that is arranged in long fibrous chains; it is formed from fibrinogen, a soluble protein that is produced by the liver (hepatocytes) and found in blood plasma.

46
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from

A

Blood monocytes

47
Q

Blast

A

Immature cells

48
Q

Cytes

A

Mature cells

49
Q

Penis

A

the penis shows a variety of soft connective tissues from loose to dense irregular.
the penis contains threeerectile compartments each of which is surrounded by a capsule of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding and between which is looser connective tissue (fewer fibres).
During an erection, blood fills compartment so it becomes rigid. Becomes flaccid again when blood drains from compartment

50
Q

Which 2 organs have 3 layers of muscularis propria

A

Stomach
Bladder

51
Q

Which 2 organs have no muscularis mucosa

A

Gallbladder
Ureters

52
Q

Structure of type IV collagen

A

Non-fibrillar

Histology (17 decks)

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