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Respiratory Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of respiratory tract

A

Filtration, Humidification and Warming of inspired air
Olfaction (and taste)
Gas transport
Speech
Protection against infection
Gas exchange

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2
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Lines tubular/conducting portion of respiratory system
Pseudostratified- all cells in contact with basement membrane
Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Interspersed goblet cells (mucus-secreting)

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3
Q

Function of the nose

A

Filtration, humidification and warming of inspired air
Olfaction

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4
Q

Structure of the nose

A
  1. First part of nostrils= Keratinising stratifies squamous epithelium
  2. Further back= non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
  3. Nasal cavity = Respiratory epithelium
    Loose fibrous connective tissue= Richly vascular lamina propria containing seromucinous glands (produce catarrh/snot)
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5
Q

seromucinous glands

A

Produce catarrh (snot)

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6
Q

Nose- olfaction
Olfactory epithelium structure

A

Roof of nasal cavity, extending down septum and lateral wall
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of olfactory receptor cells with supporting sustentacular cells and basal cells
Serous glands of Bowman
Richly innervated lamina propria
Contains penetrating nerve fibres that will reach surface of epithelium

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7
Q

Stereocillia

A

Cillia on olfactory epithelium
Non-motile

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8
Q

Serous glands of Bowman

A

Secrete a watery fluid which help to wash the surface clean

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9
Q

What does olfactory epithelium line

A

Apex of roof of the nose and extending a short distance down inside of nasal septum and lateral wall of nasal cavity

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10
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Dendrite extends to surface to become club-shaped ciliated olfactory vesicle
Stain with silver stains

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11
Q

Function of Nasopharynx

A

Gas transport
Humidification
Warming
Olfaction

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12
Q

Nasopharynx structure

A

Lined by respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

Nasal sinuses functions

A

Lower the weight of the front of the skull
Add resonance to the voice
Humid and warm inspired air

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14
Q

Nasal sinuses structure

A

Lined by respiratory epithelium
Air filled spaces within the bones of the skull and facial skeleton

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15
Q

4 nasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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16
Q

Larynx structure

A

Cartilaginous box (formed from mostly hyaline cartilage)- hold larynx open against negative pressure during inspiration
Inner aspect (apart from vocal chords) lined by respiratory epithelium
Beneath epithelium- loose fibrocollagenous stroma with seromucinous glands, lymphatics and boood vessels
Beneath fibrocollagenous stroma, perichondrium (layer of dense connective tissue) and then hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

Larynx function

A

Voice production

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18
Q

Epiglottis structure

A

Formed from elastic cartilage

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19
Q

Vocal chords structure

A

Stratified squamous epithelium overlying loose irregular fibrous tissue (Reinke’s space)
Beneath= vocal ligament (dense fibro-elastic connective tissue)
Beneath - vocalis muscle
Folds contain free upper margin of a cone of elastic tissue (conus elasticus)
Almost no lymphatics

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20
Q

Reinke’s space

A

Space occupied by loose irregular fibrous tissue in vocal chords

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21
Q

Trachea function

A

Conducts air to and from the lungs

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22
Q

Trachea structure

A
  1. Lined by respiratory epithelium
  2. Seromucinous glands in submucosa (loose fibrous connective tissue)
  3. Perichondrium
    Trachealis muscle posteriorly- fills gap between C rings
  4. C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings
  5. Perichondrium
  6. Thin loose connective tissue adventitia
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23
Q

Carina

A

Bifurcation of trachea

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24
Q

Series of bronchi and bronchioles

A

Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles

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25
What do the trachea, main/lobar/segmental bronchi all contain
Smooth muscle Partial cartilaginous rings Respiratory epithelium Some basal neuroendocrinecells Seromucinous glands and goblet cells
26
What do bronchioles contains
Smooth muscle Ciliated columnar epithelium Some basal neuroendocrine cells Few goblet cells Clara cells
27
Clara cells structure
Most numerous in terminal bronchioles Roughly cuboidal Contain: mitochondria, sER, secretory granules No cilia Vesicular cytoplasm
28
Clara cell function (Unclear)
Secrete a lipoprotein that helps prevent luminal collapse during exhalation Oxidation of inhaled toxins Produce antiproteases to neutralise the effects of inflammatory reaction Surfactant production/elimination Stem cells?
29
What is the last part of the conducting airways
Terminal bronchioles which give rise to first part of the distal respiratory tract in which gas exchange can occur
30
Respiratory bronchiole function
First part of distal respiratory tract Gas exchange as well as transport Link terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts
31
Respiratory bronchiole structure
Cuboidal ciliated epithelium Spirally-arranged smooth muscle No cartilage
32
Alveoli function
Site of gas exchange 150-400 million per lung
33
Size of alveoli
250 um in diameter
34
Alveoli cell types
Type I pneumocytes Type II pneumocytes
35
Type I pneumocytes structure
40% of cell population 90% of surface area Flattened cells- squamous epithelia cells Flattened nucleus Few organelles
36
Type I pneumocytes function
Provide part of the blood:air barrier Very thin
37
Type II pneumocytes structure
60% of cell population 5-10% of surface area Rounded cells- cuboidal to columnar epithelium Round nucleus Rich in mitochondria, sER and spherical bodies
38
Alveolar macrophages structure
Contain carbon- in individuals who smoke or work and live in polluted environments Phagocytes derived from blood monocytes Luminal cells also present in the interstitium
39
Type II pneumocytes function
Produce surfactant- a protein which lowers surface tension in the lungs, making it easier to inflate the lungs Also prevents desiccation of air sacs by forming a lipid-like insulating layer over surface of alveolus
40
When does surfactant production begin
28th week of intrauterine life
41
Alveolar macrophages function
Phagocytose particulates including dusts and bacteria Enter lymphatics or leave via mucociliary escalator to be removed from lungs
42
Alveolar blood:air barrier
Type I pneumocytes Fused basement membrane of pneumocyte and capillary Vascular endothelial cell 200-800 nm thick
43
How thick is the alveolar blood:air barrier
200-800 nm
44
How many layers in the blood:air barrier
3= type I pneumocyte, basement membrane, asculaf endothelial cell (or 4 + surfactant)
45
Alveoli interstitium
Loose fibrous connective tissue Where endothelial cells are not in direct contact with pneumocytes Collagen and elastin fibres (produced by fibroblasts) Macrophages Pores of Kohn
46
Pores of Kohn
Holes in alveolar walls Help to equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli and help lungs inflate evenly and easily BUT allow infection to easily spread through lungs eg pneumonia
47
Visceral pleura structure
Flat mesothelial (squamous) cells Loose fibrocollagenous connective tissue Irregular external elastic layer Interstitial fibrocollagenous layer Irregular internal elastic layer
48
What does the alveolar interstitium contain
Blood vessels, lymphatics, collagen, elastin and some macrophages
49
Ciliated epithelium becomes ……… more distally
Flatter
50
Role of neuro-endocrine cells
monitoring the inspired air for allergens and other potentially harmful elements
51
Role of mucus
prevents dehydration of the epithelium and traps particulate matter that is removed from the system by the beating of the cilia
52
Swell bodies
A rich plexus of thin-walled arterioles and venules that lie deep to the epithelium of the nose Help to warm and humidify inspired air Source of many nose bleeds
53
Number of bony projections that extend from later walls of nose (concha)
3
54
How is inspired air filtered
Cilia and layer of mucus of surface of epithelium trap particulate matter
55
How is inspired air warmed and humidified
Relatively thin non-keratinising epithelium allows escape of water and heat
56
Where are the nasal sinuses located
In the bones of the skull with the same name
57
Where do the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses open into
The nasal cavity below the upper and middle turbinates respectively
58
Where do the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses open into
The nasal cavity below the upper and middle turbinates respectively
59
Where does the frontal sinus drain into
Roof of nasal cavity, anterior to olfactory epithelium
60
Where do the sphenoid sinuses drain into
Roof of nasal cavity posteriorly
61
Location of olfactory epithelium
Located below the cribriform plate in roof of nose
62
Innervation of olfactory epithelium
Unmyelinated olfactory nerves pass through holes in cribriform plate to connect to olfactory bulb of brain Bipolar neurons whose dendritic processes reach surface of epithelium
63
Serous glands of olfactory epithelium function
Produce a watery secretion that acts as a solvent for odorous substances Irrigate the surface and help refresh epithelium
64
Advantages of stratified squamous epithelium for vocal chords
More robust Is accustomed to wear Can withstand vibrations of folds
65
Which muscles manipulate folds of vocal chords
Vocalis muscle Extrinsic muscle of larynx eg crico-thyroid muscle
66
Number of C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in trachea
12-15
67
Shape of goblet cells
Wine-glass shape
68
MALT lymph nodule
Mucosa associated lymph tissue Lie in underlying connective tissue of bronchi
69
Lymph node vs MALT
MALT= less discrete, lacks a capsule, present in a mucosa Lymph node= discrete encapsulated collection of lymphoid tissue
70
Role of fibroblasts in alveoli
Produce a framework of reticulin (collagen III) and elastic tissue important in elastic recoil of lungs during exhalation
71
Threshold of blood:air barrier leading to impaired gas exchange
1.2um
72
What 5 layers of tissue does oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across
1. Surfactant 2. Alveolar cell 3. Basement membrane 4. Capillary endothelium 5. Red cell membrane
73
Fate of particulate-carrying alveolar macrophages
Enter respiratory and terminal bronchioles and are expelled from lungs via muco-ciliary escalator
74
Fate of particulate-carrying fixed (septal) macrophages
Remain in interstitium of lungs or enter lymphatics
75
What occurs if particulate matter is indigestible or larger than a macrophage
Macrophages fuse together to form giant cells- may induce granuloma formation
76
True and false folds of the larynx
Below epiglottis, the mucosa is thrown into 2 sets of folds Uppermost set and lowermost set Vestibule lies between them (covered by respiratory epithelium)
77
Uppermost set of folds in larynx
False cords lined by respiratory epithelium (may be islands of stratified squamous epithelium)
78
Lowermost set of folds in larynx
True vocal cords lined by stratified squamous epithelium
79
Function of elastic tissue in alveolar walls
Allows alveoli to stretch and recoil during inspiration and expiration Serves as a spring tethering bronchioles walls open, preventing bronchioles and alveolar collapse during expiration
80
Infantile respiratory distress syndrome
Absence of surfactant when prematurely born as cells develop late in gestation Leads to widespread alveolar collapse
81
Parasympathetic Innervation of bronchioles
Contraction of smooth muscle Luminal diameter decreases Reduced air flow
82
Sympathetic Innervation of bronchiole
Relaxation of smooth muscle Luminal diameter increases Increased airflow
83
Olfactory mucosa
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of olfactory receptor cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells and basal cells
84
Vestibule
lies between true and false folds of larynx lined by respiratory epithelium

Histology (17 decks)

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