Connective Tissue

Question 1

What is connective tissue developed from?

Answer 1

Mesenchyme
Embryonic tissue

Question 2

What are the three components of CT have in common?

Answer 2

Cells, fibers, ground substance

Question 3

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 3

General
Connect – bind strengthened, compartmentalize, connects capital AVLN (arteries, vein, lymphatic vessel, nerve)

Specialized
Protection- from mechanical injury (phone, cartilage ) and microbes (white blood cell)
Storage-of energy reserve (adipose)
Insulation- adipose
Transport of substances (blood)

Connect, protect, store, warm, transport

Question 4

What are the three types of ground substance?

Answer 4

Fluid- plasma portion of blood

Gelatinous- allows flexibility, cell movement and transport of substances
- protoglycans
-glycoproteins

Solid – calcified ground substance: gelatinous fluid + phosphate salts= bone

Question 5

What are the components of gelatinous ground substance?

Answer 5

ECF (extracellular fluid)
Proteoglycans- proteins attached to polysaccharides called glucosaminoglycans (GAG)
Hold lots of water in ground substance. Make it a flexible gel able to withstand outside force and provide cushion.

Glycoproteins (just below ET, part of basement layer)
Adhesion proteins, CT “ glue” (e.g.mucin, fibroenectin)
Anchor cells in position, attach cells to matrix elements provide traction for some movement.

Question 6

What are proteoglycans?

Answer 6

They are complexes of gag (glycosaminoglycans) attached two proteins which form protein-polysaccharides called Proteoglycans.

They hold lots of water in gelatinous ground substance, make it flexible like a gel. Range from very fluid to semi-solid, cartilage.

Question 7

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 7

Adhesion proteins, CT glue e.g. mucin, fiberonectin.
Anchor cells in position attach cells to matrix elements. Provide traction for cell movement (white blood cell)

Question 8

What are the types of connective tissue fibers?

Answer 8

Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers

Question 9

Describe collagen fibers

Answer 9

also called white fibers. It is the most common protein in the body
Structure is triple stranded helix rod, like yarn.
Collagen is the strongest of the fibers
Bundles of collagen give strength and flexibility.
Structural strength of connective tissues determined by amount of collagen. stronger than steal by weight
Wavy bundles

Question 10

Describe elastic fibers

Answer 10

Formed by the protein elastin.
Provides strength and elasticity, stretchable
Allows things to stretch and return to original shape

Question 11

Describe reticular fibers

Answer 11

Collagen with glycoprotein coat
Weakest of the fibers
Forms framework of softness organs:
Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, endocrine glands.
Also forms framework for attachment of immune cells forms fuzzy support nets around blood vessels

Question 12

Collagen vs keratin

Answer 12

Collagen is internal.

Keratin is external, another structural protein. A family of fibrous proteins. Makes up outer skin, hair, nails, horns, hooves, feathers, scales, beaks, claws

Question 13

What are the types of connective tissue cells?

Answer 13

Fibroblasts

Specific connective tissue cells

Defense cells

Question 14

What are the specific connective tissue cells?

Answer 14

Adipocytes- fat cells, form adipose tissue

Chondrocytes- cells of cartilage

Osteocytes- cells of bones

Blood cells- leukocytes, erythocytes

Question 15

What are the type of defense cells?

Answer 15

Macrophage

Plasma cells

Mast cells

Question 16

Describe macrophage

Answer 16

These cells eat damaged body parts, debris from external sources- dust, pathogens- bacteria & virus.

Free: modified monocyte, wander through tissue

Fixed: attached to walls of certain blood vessels. Found in liver and spleen- where debris particles, pathogens dead red blood cells are removed.

Question 17

Why does an inflammatory response happen?

Answer 17

To increase blood flow, get more white blood cells and nutrients to the scene

Question 18

Describe plasma cells

Answer 18

Produce antibodies found in connective tissue
Developed from B Lymphocytes

Underlying surface or pathological material can gain entry to the body: skin, esophagus, vagina, anus

Cartwheel nucleus and Golgi shadow

Question 19

What are the types of mast cells

Answer 19

Heparin

Histamine

Question 20

What is Heparin?

Answer 20

Anticoagulant

Question 21

What is histamine?

Answer 21

Initiates inflammatory response
Released by basophils also, but mostly from mast cells.

Increased capillary permability
That’s a dilation of vascular smooth muscle
Vascular contraction of respiratory smooth muscle
Stimulates free nerve endings
Stimulates release of goblets home using
Strong inducer of gastric gland release

Question 22

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 22

Connective tissue proper

Supporting connective tissue

Fluid connective tissue

Question 23

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

Answer 23

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

Question 24

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 24

Areolar tissue
- 4 cell types (fibroblast, macrophage, mast, plasma)
-3 cyber types (collagen, elastic, reticular)

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

Question 25

Described areolar tissue

Answer 25

Least specialized CT proper Contains fibroblasts, defense cells. Depending on location, can cushion and protect organs, hold organs in place, attach epithelial tissue to surfaces, provide new trains to overlaying epithelial tissue. Most covering or lining ET has areolar CT underneath Forms papillary region of dermis and lamina propria. A major part of the subcutaneous layer.

Question 26

Describe adipose tissue

Answer 26

Cells are adipocytes Mostly sell, not much matrix Cells are mostly lipid- cytoplasm is pushed to one side Form subcutaneous layer, can accumulate in areolar tissue Shock absorber, insulator, fuel supply

Question 27

Describe reticular tissue Where is it located

Answer 27

Resembles areolar except all fibers are reticular Fibers form network, reticular cells lie in it. Fibers are widely distributed Don't stay with h&e, can be stained black Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, marrow

Question 28

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

Answer 28

Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic

Question 29

Describe dense regular connective tissue

Answer 29

Dominated by collagen fibers in bundles and fibroblasts Fibers run parallel to direction of cold along single axis Found in ligaments and tendons Looks like pink wavy bundles

Question 30

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 30

Fibers are irregularly placed, can stand pull from any direction, very strong Found in fibrous coverings of kidneys, testes, joint capsules

Question 31

Describe elastic connective tissue

Answer 31

Like irregular but lots of elastic fibers Not very strong but very elastic Founding walls of elastic arteries

Question 32

What is the tissue that connects organs called?

Answer 32

Fascia

Question 33

What are the tissues that cover organs and line body cavities called?

Answer 33

Membranes

Question 34

What are the types of fascia?

Answer 34

Superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer, hypodermis) loose CT Deep fascia (dense CT, includes Oregon capsules, periosteum, ligaments, tendons) Subserous facia (loose CT)

Question 35

Function of fascia

Answer 35

Connective tissue creates the internal framework of the body, connects organs and cavities to one another and to the body. Wall: connects muscle to one another, to skin

Question 36

What is a membrane?

Answer 36

A thin, flexible sheet of tissue: can be CT and ET or just CT. The term membrane also can refer to a molecular structure. Plasma membranes made of phospholipid bilayer and basement membranes made of secreted proteins and reticular fibers

Question 37

What are the types of membranes?

Answer 37

Epithelial membrane Synovial membrane

Question 38

What are the epithelial membranes?

Answer 38

Cutaneous membrane- another name for skin, stratified squamous, loose areolar and dense irregular CT: protection. Mucous membrane- lines body cavities open to exterior. Epithelial tissue type varies with location. CT is areolar, called lamina propria. Serous membrane- lines body cavities not open to exterior and covers organs in this cavity. Serous membrane includes- pericardium, pleura, peritoneum. Epithelium is a simple squamous called mesothelium, CT is areolar. CT prevents friction.

Question 39

Define synovial membrane

Answer 39

Connective tissue only, areolar-lines joint cavities, secretes synovial fluid. Prevents friction

Question 40

Epithelial tissue vs epithelium

Answer 40

A layer of cells that form a covering vs lining

Question 41

Explain tissue repair

Answer 41

Confection or injuries stimulate and inflammatory response: mast cells This relatively non-specific reaction occurs whenever and wherever tissue is injured. There may also be an immune response which is a specific plasma cell: clean up and rebuilding are done by macrophages and fiberblast.

Question 42

How does tissue repair occur?

Answer 42

Regeneration- the same tissue is rebuilt Fibrosis- area is filled with fiber is connective tissue equals scar tissue: mostly collagen strong but lacks flexibility and elasticity

Question 43

Give examples of good, moderate, poor, no repair or regenerative tissues

Answer 43

Good regeneration: epithelial, bone, areolar, dense irregular Moderate: dense regular, smooth muscle Poor: cartilage, skeletal muscle Non: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord